<div dir="ltr">Dear Christian ,<div><br></div><div><i style="font-weight:bold">iff </i> suffixes are present only in a verbal subclass (your 2a and b) why not use the morphological terminology and call the subclass 'suffixed' vs. the unsuffixed (or 'not-suffixed') one ?</div><div>Have a nice, happy New Year !</div><div>Paolo</div><div><br clear="all"><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">Prof. Dr. Paolo Ramat</span><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)"><div>Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Socio corrispondente<br><div>'Academia Europaea'</div><div>'Societas Linguistica Europaea', Honorary Member</div></div><div><div>Università di Pavia (retired)</div><div>Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)</div></div><div><br></div></div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia</div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">##39 0382 27027</div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">347 044 98 44</div></div></div></div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno mer 27 dic 2023 alle ore 13:05 Christian Lehmann <<a href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>> ha scritto:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><u></u>
<div>
Dear colleagues,<br>
<br>
sorry for my exaggerated preoccupation with adequate terminology. I
have to name the Cabecar (Chibchan) verb root classes, but am short
of linguistic terms. Verbs form voice stems for conjugation in
active and middle voice. Middle voice involves a suffix for all
verbs; active voice involves a suffix in one root class.<br>
<br>
The criteria of the classification are:<br>
- Does the root have an active voice? If not, it is a medial root (a
Classicist would call it <i>deponens</i>).<br>
- Does the active voice stem involve a suffix (viz. the
causativizer)? If not, I call the root preliminarily 'directed'.<br>
- Is the root transitive or intransitive in active voice?<br>
<br>
These are the classes:<br>
1. Directed roots: these directly conjugate in active voice:<br>
a. intransitive roots: in active voice, the verb is
intransitive (e.g. 'laugh');<br>
b. transitive roots: in active voice, the verb is transitive
(e.g. 'bend').<br>
2. Undirected roots: these do not directly conjugate in active
voice:<br>
a. medial roots: these only conjugate in the middle voice,
and the valency of this voice stem is intransitive (e.g. 'stay');<br>
b. ambivalent roots: these alternatively take on the middle
voice suffix and then are intransitive, or they take on the
causativizer and then are transitive (e.g. 'melt').<br>
<br>
These four classes work satisfactorily. What I am unhappy with is
the names 'directed', 'undirected' and 'ambivalent'. The idea
underlying 'directed - undirected' is that undirected verb roots
have no base valency; this is, instead, conferred to them by the
voice suffix. The idea behind 'ambivalent' is that these roots have
either valency depending on the voice suffix that they are provided
with.<br>
<br>
I would prefer 'oriented - non-oriented' to 'directed -
nondirected'; but this term pair is taken by the contrast between
verbal constructions of the sort (English examples:) <i>actor/who
acts</i> vs. <i>action/that he acts</i>. And 'ambivalent' is a
very ambivalent term; a more specific one (like 'Janus-headed') may
be more mnemonic.<br>
<br>
Have you seen appropriate term (pair)s in grammars? Or can you think
of terms that would fit?<br>
<br>
Many thanks in advance,<br>
Christian<br>
-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
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