<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Wow, Thanks very much, Christian! What goes around comes around!<div><br></div><div>For the record, in the 2004 article (sorry I forgot to give the reference last time), p. 1481, Himmelmann says </div><div><span lang="EN-GB">" </span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span lang="EN-GB"> Note, however, that Tagalog voice affixes are not nominalising in a morphosyntactic sense, since they do not change the syntactic category of the base . . .”</span></div><div><br></div><div>It is tricky to talk about nominal vs. verbal in Tagalog. It is true, though, that the unmarked clause is an equative clause, with the two parts of the equation having the same reference, but whether you use the affixes or not, it is the same. That is, the bare root (action or object) is “nominal” in this sense, and so adding the orientation affixes adds an orientation, but does not change the syntactic category.</div><div><br></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.25pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 13pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. 2004. Tagalog (Austronesian). In Geert Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas (eds.), <em>Morphology. An International Handbook on Inflection and Word Formation</em>, 1473-1490. Berlin: de Gruyter.<font face="Palatino Linotype, serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></font></span></p></div><div><br></div><div>All the best,</div><div>Randy<br><div>
<meta charset="UTF-8"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">——</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Professor Randy J. LaPolla</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">(罗仁地)</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">, PhD FAHA </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Center for Language Sciences</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;">A302, Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road, Zhuhai City</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">, Guangdong</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">, China</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://randylapolla.info">https://randylapolla.info</a></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">ORCID ID:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color: rgb(73, 74, 76); background-color: white;"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196</a> </span></span>   </div><div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 15px;">邮编:519087</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路18号木铎楼A302</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">北京师范大学珠海校区</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">人文和社会科学高等研究院</span><br style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">语言科学研究中心 </span></div></div><div><br></div></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On 28 Dec 2023, at 9:29 PM, Christian Lehmann <christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div>

  
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  <div><p>Dear Randy, dear Alex (and whoever may be interested in this
      topical area),</p><p>the following may seem (justifiably) an attempt at safeguarding
      original authorship and grinding my axe. However, more
      importantly, I would like to use the occasion to lend additional
      weight to a linguistic concept which I have found very useful and
      generally applicable and which I think deserves to be known
      widely.</p><p>The concept of orientation was defined, under its German term
      'Ausrichtung', in:</p><p>Lehmann, Christian 1984, <i>Der Relativsatz. Typologie seiner
        Strukturen - Theorie seiner Funktionen - Kompendium seiner
        Grammatik.</i> Tübingen: G. Narr (Language Universals Series,
      2); pp. 151-153.<br>
    </p><p> It was taken up in:<br>
    </p><p>Himmelmann, Nikolaus 1987, <i>Morphosyntax und Morphologie - Die
        Ausrichtungsaffixe im Tagalog.</i> München: Fink (Studien zur
      Theoretischen Linguistik, 8).</p><p>And either Himmelmann or myself soon translated the German term
      into 'orientation'. It seems quite possible that Lemaréchal got it
      from Himmelmann.</p><p>Adding to the definition from Lemaréchal, it may be worthwhile to
      clarify that the term applies to nominalized verbal constructions.
      These are either non-oriented or oriented. The non-oriented ones
      have the same meaning as the verb stem itself, viz. the situation
      core (some call it event type) in question, like <i>(Y's)
        employment</i> or <i>that X employs Y</i>. The oriented ones
      designate a participant in that situation type, like <i>employer/who
        employs</i> or <i>employee/whom X employs</i>. On the one hand,
      it is profitable to analyze nominalized constructions with respect
      to how their orientation is coded or left to inference. On the
      other hand, one may ask whether orientation does presuppose
      nominalization (in the widest, syntactic and morphological sense).
      Himmelmann at least argues that the Tagalog verb forms are
      actually nominalized; they are comparable to participles like <i>employing</i>
      and <i>employed</i>.<br>
    </p><p>Apologies, (and please don't forget my initial question!),<br>
    </p><p>Christian</p><p>------------------------------------------------------------------------
      <br>
    </p>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 28.12.2023 um 13:59 schrieb Alex
      Francois:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAGcZC0ryaJiYA2dh0fkfAizVL7STkiJ68KBB9HiPoQqsK4HFig@mail.gmail.com">
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      <div dir="ltr">
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear
          Randy, dear Christian,</div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The
          term "orientation", in the context of Tagalog, was first
          proposed by Alain Lemaréchal:</div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="">
          <ul style="">
            <li style=""><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Lemaréchal,
                Alain. 1989. <i style="">Les parties du discours:
                  Sémantique et syntaxe</i>. <br>
                Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de
                France.<br>
              </font></li>
            <li style=""><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Lemaréchal,
                Alain. 1991. Dérivation et orientation dans les langues
                de Philippines (exemples tagalog). <br>
                <i style="">Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de
                  Paris</i> 86-1, 317-358.</font></li>
          </ul>
        </div>
        <blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px">
          <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(Unfortunately, the
            1989 monograph is only <a href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=xsGzDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT195&ots=lyEVZZ_jBQ&dq=tesni%C3%A8re%20orientation%20des%20verbes&lr&pg=PT120#v=onepage&q=orientation&f=false" moz-do-not-send="true">partially reproduced digitally</a>; 
            nor can I find a Pdf of the 1991 paper.)</div>
        </blockquote>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Let
          me copy this passage from my hardcopy of Lemaréchal (1989),
          p.102:</div>
        <blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px">
          <div class="gmail_default" style=""><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">“</span><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">L'orientation d'un verbe
              est cette caractéristique qui associe aux différents
              participants en rapport avec lui à la fois un rang dans la
              hiérarchie et un rôle dans la situation, sachant que cette
              association est caractéristique de la sous-classe et de la
              voix de la forme verbale. [...] <br>
              Ainsi l'orientation primaire du verbe transitif actif est
              une orientation vers un premier actant sujet agent, son
              orientation secondaire une orientation vers un second
              actant objet patient. [...] <br>
              L'orientation étant une caractéristique qui relève de la
              valence des formes concernées, elle est soit stockée dans
              le lexique, soit marquée par des dérivations régulières —
              c'est le cas des phénomènes de diathèse.</font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">”</font></div>
        </blockquote>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The
          syntax of "orientation" is a major topic of Lemaréchal's
          research, in various languages (mostly Tagalog, Palauan,
          Malagasy, Kinyarwanda, etc.). He applies the concept to
          various parts of speech: orientation of verbs, of nouns, of
          clauses... <font size="1">(see the “<a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Les_parties_du_discours/xsGzDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=orientation%20tagalog&pg=PT6" moz-do-not-send="true">Deuxième partie</a>” section of his
            1989 monograph</font>). </div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div>
        <div>
          <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
            <div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="2">Alex</font></span>
              <hr style="font-family: tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="70" size="1" noshade="noshade" align="left"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><font size="2"><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex
                    François</span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br>
                  </span></font></p>
              <span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">CNRS–</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">ENS</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none">–</span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.psl.eu/en" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">PSL</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none">–</span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br>
                  </span><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://researchprofiles.anu.edu.au/en/persons/alex-francois" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Australian National
                    University</a></font><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><br>
                      </span></font></span></font></span>
              <div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Personal homepage</a><br>
                    </span></font></span></div>
              <div><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___</font><br>
                <span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span></div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <br>
        <br>
        <div class="gmail_quote">
          <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">---------- Forwarded message
            ---------<br>
            From: <strong class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">Randy J.
              LaPolla</strong> <span dir="auto"><<a href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>></span><br>
            Date: Thu, 28 Dec 2023 at 02:47<br>
            Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] base valency classes of verb roots<br>
            To: Johanna Nichols <<a href="mailto:johanna@berkeley.edu" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">johanna@berkeley.edu</a>><br>
            Cc: <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
          </div>
          <br>
          <br>
          <div style="line-break:after-white-space">Hi Christian,
            <div><span lang="EN-GB">In talking about what are sometimes
                discussed as voice or transitivity-marking affixes in
                Tagalog, Himmelman (2004: 1481) argues that the affixes
                “change the orientation of a given base in such a way
                that it may be used to refer to one of the participants
                involved in the state of affairs denoted by the base </span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span lang="EN-GB"> In this view, -<i>um-</i> is
                an actor orienting infix which derives from a base such
                as <i>tango</i> ‘nod, nodding in assent’ a word <i>tumango</i> which
                could be glossed as ‘one who nods, nodder’. This
                expression no longer directly denotes the action of
                nodding, but rather the participant who nods. That is,
                in the Tagalog clause </span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-GB">tumango ang
                  unggo </span></i><span lang="EN-GB">‘The monkey nodded
                in assent’, both <i>tumango</i> and <i>unggo</i> refer
                to the same entity. Imitating the equational structure
                of this clause it could be rendered as ‘nodd-er in
                assent (was) the monkey’ </span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span lang="EN-GB"> Note, however, that Tagalog voice affixes
                are not nominalising in a morphosyntactic sense, since
                they do not change the syntactic category of the base .
                . .”. He considers them derivational, not inflectional
                affixes, as they apply equally well to action words and
                object words: </span><span lang="EN-US">“… </span><span lang="EN-GB">there are no productive inflectional
                paradigms for voice, as suggested by the commonly used
                ‘paradigmatic’ examples in the literature. Instead,
                derivations from all kinds of bases are only partially
                predictable on the basis of their semantics and exhibit
                a large number of idiosyncrasies, which again suggests
                derivation rather than inflection.”</span></div>
            <span style="font-family:-webkit-standard;font-size:medium"></span>
            <div><br>
            </div>
            <div>So he has used orientation in this way. Not sure if you
              can see any parallels in the structure and use of the
              affixes.</div>
            <div><br>
            </div>
            <div>All the best,</div>
            <div>Randy<br>
              <div>
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                                <div>
                                  <div><span style="font-size:14px">——</span></div>
                                  <div><span style="font-size:14px">Professor
                                      Randy J. LaPolla</span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial;font-size:13.333333015441895px">(罗仁地)</span><span style="font-size:14px">, PhD FAHA </span></div>
                                  <div><span style="font-size:14px">Center
                                      for Language Sciences</span></div>
                                  <div><span style="font-size:14px">Institute
                                      for Advanced Studies in Humanities
                                      and Social Sciences</span></div>
                                  <div><span style="font-size:14px">Beijing
                                      Normal University at Zhuhai</span></div>
                                  <div><span style="font-size:14px">A302,
                                      Muduo Building, #18 Jinfeng Road,
                                      Zhuhai City</span><span style="font-size:14px">, Guangdong</span><span style="font-size:14px">, China</span></div>
                                  <div><span style="font-size:14px"><br>
                                    </span></div>
                                  <div><span style="font-size:14px"><a href="https://randylapolla.info/" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://randylapolla.info</a></span></div>
                                  <div><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ORCID
                                      ID:<span> </span><span style="color:rgb(73,74,76);background-color:white"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-6196</a> </span></span> 
                                     </div>
                                  <div><span style="font-size:14px"><br>
                                    </span></div>
                                  <div><span style="font-size:15px">邮编:519087</span><br style="font-size:15px">
                                    <span style="font-size:15px">广东省珠海市唐家湾镇金凤路18号木铎楼A302</span><br style="font-size:15px">
                                    <span style="font-size:15px">北京师范大学珠海校区</span><br style="font-size:15px">
                                    <span style="font-size:15px">人文和社会科学高等研究院</span><br style="font-size:15px">
                                    <span style="font-size:15px">语言科学研究中心 </span></div>
                                </div>
                                <div><br>
                                </div>
                              </div>
                            </div>
                          </div>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div>
                <blockquote type="cite">
                  <div>On 28 Dec 2023, at 1:52 AM, Johanna B Nichols
                    <<a href="mailto:johanna@berkeley.edu" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">johanna@berkeley.edu</a>>
                    wrote:</div>
                  <br>
                  <div>
                    <div dir="ltr">
                      <div>I use "ambitransitive" instead of
                        "ambivalent" -- it's unambiguous.   "Flexible"
                        is also used in this sense, but already has too
                        wide a range of meanings.</div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <div>I agree, ±oriented and ±directed aren't
                        great.  A few years ago, searching through a
                        thesaurus for possibilities, I tried out
                        "bearing(s)", which is a good replacement for
                        "direction" or "orientation" but not for
                        directed/undirected, etc. (Well, we have
                        "rudderless", but that's too heavy on the
                        connotations, and anyway no related antonym.)  I
                        think the same problem comes up with anything
                        based on "Janus".  Maybe "steered/unsteered" and
                        "steering"?</div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <div>Alternatively, we could probably turn to an
                        Oceanic language for a precise, well-elaborated
                        set of relevant nautical terms.</div>
                      <div><br>
                      </div>
                      <div>Johanna<br>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <br>
                    <div class="gmail_quote">
                      <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Dec 27,
                        2023 at 4:05 AM Christian Lehmann <<a href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>>
                        wrote:<br>
                      </div>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
                        <div> Dear colleagues,<br>
                          <br>
                          sorry for my exaggerated preoccupation with
                          adequate terminology. I have to name the
                          Cabecar (Chibchan) verb root classes, but am
                          short of linguistic terms. Verbs form voice
                          stems for conjugation in active and middle
                          voice. Middle voice involves a suffix for all
                          verbs; active voice involves a suffix in one
                          root class.<br>
                          <br>
                          The criteria of the classification are:<br>
                          - Does the root have an active voice? If not,
                          it is a medial root (a Classicist would call
                          it <i>deponens</i>).<br>
                          - Does the active voice stem involve a suffix
                          (viz. the causativizer)? If not, I call the
                          root preliminarily 'directed'.<br>
                          - Is the root transitive or intransitive in
                          active voice?<br>
                          <br>
                          These are the classes:<br>
                              1. Directed roots: these directly
                          conjugate in active voice:<br>
                                  a. intransitive roots: in active
                          voice, the verb is intransitive (e.g.
                          'laugh');<br>
                                  b. transitive roots: in active voice,
                          the verb is transitive (e.g. 'bend').<br>
                              2. Undirected roots: these do not directly
                          conjugate in active voice:<br>
                                  a. medial roots: these only conjugate
                          in the middle voice, and the valency of this
                          voice stem is intransitive (e.g. 'stay');<br>
                                  b. ambivalent roots: these
                          alternatively take on the middle voice suffix
                          and then are intransitive, or they take on the
                          causativizer and then are transitive (e.g.
                          'melt').<br>
                          <br>
                          These four classes work satisfactorily. What I
                          am unhappy with is the names 'directed',
                          'undirected' and 'ambivalent'. The idea
                          underlying 'directed - undirected' is that
                          undirected verb roots have no base valency;
                          this is, instead, conferred to them by the
                          voice suffix. The idea behind 'ambivalent' is
                          that these roots have either valency depending
                          on the voice suffix that they are provided
                          with.<br>
                          <br>
                          I would prefer 'oriented - non-oriented' to
                          'directed - nondirected'; but this term pair
                          is taken by the contrast between verbal
                          constructions of the sort (English examples:)
                          <i>actor/who acts</i> vs. <i>action/that he
                            acts</i>. And 'ambivalent' is a very
                          ambivalent term; a more specific one (like
                          'Janus-headed') may be more mnemonic.<br>
                          <br>
                          Have you seen appropriate term (pair)s in
                          grammars? Or can you think of terms that would
                          fit?<br>
                          <br>
                          Many thanks in advance,<br>
                          Christian<br>
                          -- <br><p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr.
                            Christian Lehmann<br>
                            Rudolfstr. 4<br>
                            99092 Erfurt<br>
                            <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
                          <table style="font-size:80%">
                            <tbody>
                              <tr>
                                <td>Tel.:</td>
                                <td>+49/361/2113417</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                <td>E-Post:</td>
                                <td><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                <td>Web:</td>
                                <td><a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
                              </tr>
                            </tbody>
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                        </div>
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                      </blockquote>
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                  </div>
                </blockquote>
              </div>
              <br>
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          <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
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        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <div class="moz-signature">-- <br><p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
        Rudolfstr. 4<br>
        99092 Erfurt<br>
        <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
      <table style="font-size:80%">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>Tel.:</td>
            <td>+49/361/2113417</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>E-Post:</td>
            <td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>Web:</td>
            <td><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
  </div>

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