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<p>Dear Randy, dear Alex (and whoever may be interested in this
topical area),</p>
<p>the following may seem (justifiably) an attempt at safeguarding
original authorship and grinding my axe. However, more
importantly, I would like to use the occasion to lend additional
weight to a linguistic concept which I have found very useful and
generally applicable and which I think deserves to be known
widely.</p>
<p>The concept of orientation was defined, under its German term
'Ausrichtung', in:</p>
<p>Lehmann, Christian 1984, <i>Der Relativsatz. Typologie seiner
Strukturen - Theorie seiner Funktionen - Kompendium seiner
Grammatik.</i> Tübingen: G. Narr (Language Universals Series,
2); pp. 151-153.<br>
</p>
<p> It was taken up in:<br>
</p>
<p>Himmelmann, Nikolaus 1987, <i>Morphosyntax und Morphologie - Die
Ausrichtungsaffixe im Tagalog.</i> München: Fink (Studien zur
Theoretischen Linguistik, 8).</p>
<p>And either Himmelmann or myself soon translated the German term
into 'orientation'. It seems quite possible that Lemaréchal got it
from Himmelmann.</p>
<p>Adding to the definition from Lemaréchal, it may be worthwhile to
clarify that the term applies to nominalized verbal constructions.
These are either non-oriented or oriented. The non-oriented ones
have the same meaning as the verb stem itself, viz. the situation
core (some call it event type) in question, like <i>(Y's)
employment</i> or <i>that X employs Y</i>. The oriented ones
designate a participant in that situation type, like <i>employer/who
employs</i> or <i>employee/whom X employs</i>. On the one hand,
it is profitable to analyze nominalized constructions with respect
to how their orientation is coded or left to inference. On the
other hand, one may ask whether orientation does presuppose
nominalization (in the widest, syntactic and morphological sense).
Himmelmann at least argues that the Tagalog verb forms are
actually nominalized; they are comparable to participles like <i>employing</i>
and <i>employed</i>.<br>
</p>
<p>Apologies, (and please don't forget my initial question!),<br>
</p>
<p>Christian</p>
<p>------------------------------------------------------------------------
<br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 28.12.2023 um 13:59 schrieb Alex
Francois:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAGcZC0ryaJiYA2dh0fkfAizVL7STkiJ68KBB9HiPoQqsK4HFig@mail.gmail.com">
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<div dir="ltr">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear
Randy, dear Christian,</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The
term "orientation", in the context of Tagalog, was first
proposed by Alain Lemaréchal:</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="">
<ul style="">
<li style=""><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Lemaréchal,
Alain. 1989. <i style="">Les parties du discours:
Sémantique et syntaxe</i>. <br>
Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de
France.<br>
</font></li>
<li style=""><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Lemaréchal,
Alain. 1991. Dérivation et orientation dans les langues
de Philippines (exemples tagalog). <br>
<i style="">Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de
Paris</i> 86-1, 317-358.</font></li>
</ul>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px">
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(Unfortunately, the
1989 monograph is only <a
href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=xsGzDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT195&ots=lyEVZZ_jBQ&dq=tesni%C3%A8re%20orientation%20des%20verbes&lr&pg=PT120#v=onepage&q=orientation&f=false"
moz-do-not-send="true">partially reproduced digitally</a>;
nor can I find a Pdf of the 1991 paper.)</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Let
me copy this passage from my hardcopy of Lemaréchal (1989),
p.102:</div>
<blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px">
<div class="gmail_default" style=""><span
style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">“</span><font
face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">L'orientation d'un verbe
est cette caractéristique qui associe aux différents
participants en rapport avec lui à la fois un rang dans la
hiérarchie et un rôle dans la situation, sachant que cette
association est caractéristique de la sous-classe et de la
voix de la forme verbale. [...] <br>
Ainsi l'orientation primaire du verbe transitif actif est
une orientation vers un premier actant sujet agent, son
orientation secondaire une orientation vers un second
actant objet patient. [...] <br>
L'orientation étant une caractéristique qui relève de la
valence des formes concernées, elle est soit stockée dans
le lexique, soit marquée par des dérivations régulières —
c'est le cas des phénomènes de diathèse.</font><font
face="tahoma, sans-serif">”</font></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The
syntax of "orientation" is a major topic of Lemaréchal's
research, in various languages (mostly Tagalog, Palauan,
Malagasy, Kinyarwanda, etc.). He applies the concept to
various parts of speech: orientation of verbs, of nouns, of
clauses... <font size="1">(see the “<a
href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Les_parties_du_discours/xsGzDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=orientation%20tagalog&pg=PT6"
moz-do-not-send="true">Deuxième partie</a>” section of his
1989 monograph</font>). </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div>
<div>
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"
data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font
size="2">Alex</font></span>
<hr
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width="70" size="1" noshade="noshade" align="left">
<p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><font
size="2"><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex
François</span><span
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br>
</span></font></p>
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<div><font size="1">___________________</font><font
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<br>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">---------- Forwarded message
---------<br>
From: <strong class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">Randy J.
LaPolla</strong> <span dir="auto"><<a
href="mailto:randy.lapolla@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">randy.lapolla@gmail.com</a>></span><br>
Date: Thu, 28 Dec 2023 at 02:47<br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] base valency classes of verb roots<br>
To: Johanna Nichols <<a
href="mailto:johanna@berkeley.edu" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">johanna@berkeley.edu</a>><br>
Cc: <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
</div>
<br>
<br>
<div style="line-break:after-white-space">Hi Christian,
<div><span lang="EN-GB">In talking about what are sometimes
discussed as voice or transitivity-marking affixes in
Tagalog, Himmelman (2004: 1481) argues that the affixes
“change the orientation of a given base in such a way
that it may be used to refer to one of the participants
involved in the state of affairs denoted by the base </span><span
lang="EN-US">…</span><span lang="EN-GB"> In this view, -<i>um-</i> is
an actor orienting infix which derives from a base such
as <i>tango</i> ‘nod, nodding in assent’ a word <i>tumango</i> which
could be glossed as ‘one who nods, nodder’. This
expression no longer directly denotes the action of
nodding, but rather the participant who nods. That is,
in the Tagalog clause </span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span
lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-GB">tumango ang
unggo </span></i><span lang="EN-GB">‘The monkey nodded
in assent’, both <i>tumango</i> and <i>unggo</i> refer
to the same entity. Imitating the equational structure
of this clause it could be rendered as ‘nodd-er in
assent (was) the monkey’ </span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span
lang="EN-GB"> Note, however, that Tagalog voice affixes
are not nominalising in a morphosyntactic sense, since
they do not change the syntactic category of the base .
. .”. He considers them derivational, not inflectional
affixes, as they apply equally well to action words and
object words: </span><span lang="EN-US">“… </span><span
lang="EN-GB">there are no productive inflectional
paradigms for voice, as suggested by the commonly used
‘paradigmatic’ examples in the literature. Instead,
derivations from all kinds of bases are only partially
predictable on the basis of their semantics and exhibit
a large number of idiosyncrasies, which again suggests
derivation rather than inflection.”</span></div>
<span style="font-family:-webkit-standard;font-size:medium"></span>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>So he has used orientation in this way. Not sure if you
can see any parallels in the structure and use of the
affixes.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>All the best,</div>
<div>Randy<br>
<div>
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<div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px">——</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px">Professor
Randy J. LaPolla</span><span
style="font-family:Verdana,Helvetica,Arial;font-size:13.333333015441895px">（罗仁地)</span><span
style="font-size:14px">, PhD FAHA </span></div>
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<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On 28 Dec 2023, at 1:52 AM, Johanna B Nichols
<<a href="mailto:johanna@berkeley.edu"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">johanna@berkeley.edu</a>>
wrote:</div>
<br>
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>I use "ambitransitive" instead of
"ambivalent" -- it's unambiguous. "Flexible"
is also used in this sense, but already has too
wide a range of meanings.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I agree, ±oriented and ±directed aren't
great. A few years ago, searching through a
thesaurus for possibilities, I tried out
"bearing(s)", which is a good replacement for
"direction" or "orientation" but not for
directed/undirected, etc. (Well, we have
"rudderless", but that's too heavy on the
connotations, and anyway no related antonym.) I
think the same problem comes up with anything
based on "Janus". Maybe "steered/unsteered" and
"steering"?</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Alternatively, we could probably turn to an
Oceanic language for a precise, well-elaborated
set of relevant nautical terms.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Johanna<br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Dec 27,
2023 at 4:05 AM Christian Lehmann <<a
href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div> Dear colleagues,<br>
<br>
sorry for my exaggerated preoccupation with
adequate terminology. I have to name the
Cabecar (Chibchan) verb root classes, but am
short of linguistic terms. Verbs form voice
stems for conjugation in active and middle
voice. Middle voice involves a suffix for all
verbs; active voice involves a suffix in one
root class.<br>
<br>
The criteria of the classification are:<br>
- Does the root have an active voice? If not,
it is a medial root (a Classicist would call
it <i>deponens</i>).<br>
- Does the active voice stem involve a suffix
(viz. the causativizer)? If not, I call the
root preliminarily 'directed'.<br>
- Is the root transitive or intransitive in
active voice?<br>
<br>
These are the classes:<br>
1. Directed roots: these directly
conjugate in active voice:<br>
a. intransitive roots: in active
voice, the verb is intransitive (e.g.
'laugh');<br>
b. transitive roots: in active voice,
the verb is transitive (e.g. 'bend').<br>
2. Undirected roots: these do not directly
conjugate in active voice:<br>
a. medial roots: these only conjugate
in the middle voice, and the valency of this
voice stem is intransitive (e.g. 'stay');<br>
b. ambivalent roots: these
alternatively take on the middle voice suffix
and then are intransitive, or they take on the
causativizer and then are transitive (e.g.
'melt').<br>
<br>
These four classes work satisfactorily. What I
am unhappy with is the names 'directed',
'undirected' and 'ambivalent'. The idea
underlying 'directed - undirected' is that
undirected verb roots have no base valency;
this is, instead, conferred to them by the
voice suffix. The idea behind 'ambivalent' is
that these roots have either valency depending
on the voice suffix that they are provided
with.<br>
<br>
I would prefer 'oriented - non-oriented' to
'directed - nondirected'; but this term pair
is taken by the contrast between verbal
constructions of the sort (English examples:)
<i>actor/who acts</i> vs. <i>action/that he
acts</i>. And 'ambivalent' is a very
ambivalent term; a more specific one (like
'Janus-headed') may be more mnemonic.<br>
<br>
Have you seen appropriate term (pair)s in
grammars? Or can you think of terms that would
fit?<br>
<br>
Many thanks in advance,<br>
Christian<br>
-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr.
Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
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</blockquote>
<div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
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<td>Tel.:</td>
<td>+49/361/2113417</td>
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<td>E-Post:</td>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
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<td>Web:</td>
<td><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
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