<div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif">Dear all,</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif">I am investigating what Åke Viberg has called sensory copulas
(also known as copulative perception verbs, flip perception verbs, source-based
verbs, SOUND-class verbs, etc.), e.g., English <i>sound</i>, German <i>klingen</i>,
Polish <i>brzmieć</i>, Russian <i>zvuchit</i>, Hebrew <i>nishma</i>. My working
definition is that these are (i) perception verbs which (ii) take a perceived entity
(rather than a perceiving entity) as their grammatical subject, and (iii)
require a predicative or clausal complement.</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif">Right now I am specifically interested in adjectival/adverbial
complements, and their mapping to 2 potential readings: a
descriptive/perceptual/attributary reading (where <i>X sounds P</i> roughly
means ‘X has a P sound’), and an inferential/evidential reading (where <i>X
sounds P</i> roughly means ‘It sounds like X is P’). I’ve so far noted
3 patterns:</font></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif">1) One type of complement is
allowed, and it can have both readings. This is the case with English, German,
Dutch, Swedish (<i>sounds bad/*badly</i> is ambiguous) as well as Polish (which in contrast allows adverbial but not adjectival complements).</font></p><p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif"><br></font></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif">2) One type of complement is
allowed, with only one possible reading. This appears to be the case with Italian,
Spanish, Portuguese (<i>suona bene/*buono</i> is only descriptive, <i>sembra
*bene/buono</i> is only inferential).</font></p><p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif"><br></font></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt 0.5in;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif">3) Both types of complements
are allowed, each with a different reading. This is the case in Hebrew (<i>nishmaim
ra</i> is descriptive, <i>nishmaim raim</i> is inferential) and apparently Russian (<i>zvuchit</i> <i>ploxim/ploxo</i>).</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif">I am looking for similar verbs and any observations/recent work about them, in any language, but especially non-European languages. To be clear, I’m interested in all perception
verbs, not just sound verbs (I used them above just for ease of comparison). If
you’d rather not post here, feel free to send me an email at
<a href="mailto:alonfishm@gmail.com">alonfishm@gmail.com</a>. I’d greatly appreciate your help!</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif">Best regards,</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif">Alon Fishman</font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><font face="times new roman, serif">Postdoctoral researcher, The Open University of Israel</font></p>
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