<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Hi Wesley Kuhron Jones,</span><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">I am not sure whether the <i>khuni </i>marker<i> </i>has some taboo connotation—I may be biased by the translation of ‘hell’, but I would like to share a bit.</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">In Cantonese, the 鬼 gwai ‘ghost’ can indicate negation in a rhetorical question:</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">鬼 知 咩</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ghost know Q</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">‘Hell if I know!’/ ‘I don’t know!'</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">In my manuscript (under review), I call the ‘ghost’ and other similar items in other languages as "taboo negator”.</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Hope it helps!</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Warmest,</div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Pun Ho Lui</div><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>Wesley Kuhron Jones <wesleykuhronjones@gmail.com> 於 2024年2月1日 上午2:26 寫道：</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><div dir="ltr"><div>Hi all,</div><div><br></div><div>Horokoi (Trans-New Guinea, Morobe Province, [gsp]) has two emphatic question markers that I know of so far: <i>kho</i> (currently glossing as 'I.wonder') and <i>khun<span>í</span></i><span> (currently glossing as 'hell.if.I.know')</span>. I am trying to figure out what terms to use to describe them.</div><div><br></div><div>Note that <i>khun<span>í</span></i><span> appears, from looking at the form, to be derived from <i>kho</i> plus a particle <i>ni</i> which is often used in other contexts for emphasis or contrastive focus.</span></div><div><span><br></span></div><div><span>In exchange 1, the "I wonder" marker <i>kho</i> is used because speaker B also just noticed and wonders what happened.<br></span></div><div><span><br></span></div><div>1A: <i>Nga wo-re?</i><br> where go-3sg.prs<br> 'Where did that person go?'<br><br>1B: <i>Nga wo-re <b>kho</b>?</i><br> where go-3sg.prs I.wonder<br> 'Hey yeah, where did they go indeed?'</div><div>(I didn't notice that they were gone until you said 1A, then I looked and also am wondering where they went.)<br></div><div><br></div><div>In exchange 2, the "hell if I know" marker <i>khuní</i> is used because speaker B seems to already have wondered about this and accepted that they don't know the answer. Then speaker A asks them about it and they respond.<br></div><div><br></div><div>2A: <i>Nga wo-re?</i><br> where go-3sg.prs<br> 'Where did that person go?'<br><br>2B: <i>Nga wo-re <b>khuní</b>?</i><br> where go-3sg.prs hell.if.I.know<br> 'Yeah man, where *did* they go?'</div><div>(Rhetorical, I have no idea what the answer is.)<br></div><div><br></div><div>Both of these markers can also be used in questions that are not responses to other questions.</div><div><br></div><div>3. <i>Neku-kha ihe a-re <b>kho</b>?</i><br>who-foc pig kill-3sg.prs I.wonder<br>'Who killed the pig?'<br>(Someone brings me a dead pig, I see it, and I ask this.)<br><br>4. <i>Neku-kha ihe a-re <b>khuní</b>?</i><br>who-foc pig kill-3sg.prs hell.if.I.know<br>'Who killed the pig?'<br>(I know that a pig has been killed, so I go to the place where it is and ask this to the people there.)<br><br></div><div>It seems that 1B and 2B are used rhetorically, while 3 and 4 are actually seeking answers from the listener.<br></div><div><br></div><div>I know of a few particles like <i>denn</i> in German and <i>acaba</i> in Turkish that have some similar functions to these. Please let me know any terminology about these kinds of markers, references, or examples from other languages.</div><div><br></div><div>Thanks in advance!</div><div>Wesley Kuhron Jones<br></div><div><br></div></div>
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