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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>In Menya (Angan Family, Morobe P, PNG), there is a contrast between the sentential clitic <b>=ta</b> which indicates a polar question and the sentential clitic <b>=ti</b> which can either express <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>I wonder if<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>…’</span> or be a response to a question indicating <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>‘</span>I don<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>’</span>t know <span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>…’</span>. I refer to =<b>ti</b> as the dubitative mood marker.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Hope this helps,<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Carl Whitehead<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Timur Maisak<br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, February 1, 2024 4:54 AM<br><b>Cc:</b> <LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG> <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] "Hell if I know!" marker<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>Dear Wesley,<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>on the semantic description of non-canonical questions, including the 'I wonder' type, please see Farkas 2022 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffac001"><span style='border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffac001</span></a>). <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>There are various parameters that can be important - e.g., whether the speaker knows the answer or not, whether they assume that the addressee knows the answer or not, whether the speaker really expects to get an answer from the addressee, etc.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Very best,<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Timur Maisak<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>ср, 31 янв. 2024 г. в 21:48, Wesley Kuhron Jones <<a href="mailto:wesleykuhronjones@gmail.com">wesleykuhronjones@gmail.com</a>>:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Hi Pun Ho,<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>To clarify, it is not vulgar or taboo. I didn't mean to use the English "hell" in any vulgar way here, just emphatic.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Wesley<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Wed, Jan 31, 2024 at 6:46 PM Pun Ho Lui <<a href="mailto:luiph001@gmail.com" target="_blank">luiph001@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm'><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Hi Wesley Kuhron Jones,</span><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>I am not sure whether the <i>khuni </i>marker<i> </i>has some taboo connotation—I may be biased by the translation of ‘hell’, but I would like to share a bit.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>In Cantonese, the </span><span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black'>鬼</span><span style='color:black'> gwai ‘ghost’ can indicate negation in a rhetorical question:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black'>鬼</span><span style='color:black'> </span><span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black'>知</span><span style='color:black'> </span><span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black'>咩</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>ghost know Q<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>‘Hell if I know!’/ ‘I don’t know!'<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>In my manuscript (under review), I call the ‘ghost’ and other similar items in other languages as "taboo negator”.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Hope it helps!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Warmest,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Pun Ho Lui<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal>Wesley Kuhron Jones <<a href="mailto:wesleykuhronjones@gmail.com" target="_blank">wesleykuhronjones@gmail.com</a>> <span style='font-family:"MS Gothic"'>於</span> 2024<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic"'>年</span>2<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic"'>月</span>1<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic"'>日</span> <span style='font-family:"MS Gothic"'>上午</span>2:26 <span style='font-family:"MS Gothic"'>寫道：</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Hi all,<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Horokoi (Trans-New Guinea, Morobe Province, [gsp]) has two emphatic question markers that I know of so far: <i>kho</i> (currently glossing as 'I.wonder') and <i>khuní</i> (currently glossing as 'hell.if.I.know'). I am trying to figure out what terms to use to describe them.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Note that <i>khuní</i> appears, from looking at the form, to be derived from <i>kho</i> plus a particle <i>ni</i> which is often used in other contexts for emphasis or contrastive focus.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>In exchange 1, the "I wonder" marker <i>kho</i> is used because speaker B also just noticed and wonders what happened.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>1A: <i>Nga wo-re?</i><br>where go-3sg.prs<br>'Where did that person go?'<br><br>1B: <i>Nga wo-re <b>kho</b>?</i><br>where go-3sg.prs I.wonder<br>'Hey yeah, where did they go indeed?'<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>(I didn't notice that they were gone until you said 1A, then I looked and also am wondering where they went.)<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>In exchange 2, the "hell if I know" marker <i>khuní</i> is used because speaker B seems to already have wondered about this and accepted that they don't know the answer. Then speaker A asks them about it and they respond.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>2A: <i>Nga wo-re?</i><br>where go-3sg.prs<br>'Where did that person go?'<br><br>2B: <i>Nga wo-re <b>khuní</b>?</i><br>where go-3sg.prs hell.if.I.know<br>'Yeah man, where *did* they go?'<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>(Rhetorical, I have no idea what the answer is.)<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Both of these markers can also be used in questions that are not responses to other questions.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>3. <i>Neku-kha ihe a-re <b>kho</b>?</i><br>who-foc pig kill-3sg.prs I.wonder<br>'Who killed the pig?'<br>(Someone brings me a dead pig, I see it, and I ask this.)<br><br>4. <i>Neku-kha ihe a-re <b>khuní</b>?</i><br>who-foc pig kill-3sg.prs hell.if.I.know<br>'Who killed the pig?'<br>(I know that a pig has been killed, so I go to the place where it is and ask this to the people there.)<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>It seems that 1B and 2B are used rhetorically, while 3 and 4 are actually seeking answers from the listener.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I know of a few particles like <i>denn</i> in German and <i>acaba</i> in Turkish that have some similar functions to these. Please let me know any terminology about these kinds of markers, references, or examples from other languages.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Thanks in advance!<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Wesley Kuhron Jones<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal>_______________________________________________<br>Lingtyp mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></p></div></blockquote></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></blockquote></div><p class=MsoNormal>_______________________________________________<br>Lingtyp mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></p></blockquote></div></div></body></html>