<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Dear Yongtaek,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">In the African Caribbean English-lexifier Creole Pichi, spoken in Equatorial Guinea, and probably in related varieties in the region (Nigerian Pidgin, Cameroon Pidgin), the polyfunctional subordinator 'we' (possibly sourced from English 'where', although this is not sure), functions as a relativizer and adverbial (chiefly temporal) subordinator, and may additionally function as a complementizer to complement-taking main verbs like 'hear', 'feel sorry' etc, though the latter use is less frequent.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">See <a href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/85">this book</a>, sec. 10.5.7, 10.6, 10.7.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Best wishes,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Kofi</div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><font size="1" color="#666666" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">————<br></font></div><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#666666">Dr Kofi Yakpo • Associate Professor </font></font></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">Chair of </span><a href="http://www.linguistics.hku.hk/" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">Linguistics</font></a><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"> </span><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">•</span><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"> </span><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://arts.hku.hk/" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">University of Hong Kong</font></a></font></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">My publications @ </span><a href="https://zenodo.org/search?q=yakpo&l=list&p=1&s=10&sort=publication-desc" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">zenodo</font></a> <span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">• </span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(102,102,102)"> </span><a href="http://hub.hku.hk/cris/rp/rp01715" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">My Page</font></a></div><div><br></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">Recently published:</span><font face="arial, sans-serif" size="1"><br></font></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00118.yak" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(111,168,220)">Reciprocal constructions in multilingual contact</span></a><br></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12635" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(111,168,220)">The indigenization of Ghanaian Pidgin English</span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="color:rgb(111,168,220)"><font face="arial, sans-serif" size="1"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078421000146" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(111,168,220)">Two types of language contact involving English Creoles</span></a></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial"><span style="color:rgb(111,168,220)"><font face="arial, sans-serif" size="1"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069211019126" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(111,168,220)">Social entrenchment influences the amount of areal borrowing</span></a></font></span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Feb 6, 2024 at 7:37 AM Kim, Yongtaek <<a href="mailto:ykim791@gatech.edu">ykim791@gatech.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div class="msg1081988479022188642">
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<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:black">Hello, </span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:black">I'm Yongtaek, a linguist specializing in the contrastive analysis between Korean and Japanese at
the Georgia Institute of Technology.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:black">Currently, I have been working on the historical change of the Japanese ya-ina-ya (interrogative-NEG-interrogative)
from a complementizer usage meaning 'whether or not' to the temporal adverbial-clause-linking usage meaning 'as soon as.'</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:black">After an extensive search for typological evidence, I have been unable to locate any datasets that
directly address the evolutionary shift from a complementizer to a temporal adverbial function in any language. </span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:black">I was just wondering if you know of any typological data where 'X-NEG-X' has changed from a complementizer
('whether or not') to a temporal adverbial ('when' or 'as soon as').</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:black">I would greatly appreciate it if you could share any such typological data.</span></p>
<div style="font-family:Aptos,Aptos_EmbeddedFont,Aptos_MSFontService,Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<br>
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<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">___________________________________________________ </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">Yongtaek Kim, Ph.D. </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">Associate Professor of Korean and Linguistics</span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">Director of Korean Program </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">School of Modern Languages, Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">Swann 309 </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><a href="mailto:ykim791@gatech.edu" target="_blank">ykim791@gatech.edu</a> </span></p>
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