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以下の彼の本の１０．５．７に出ている’ＷＥ’はＡｄｖｅｒｂｉａｌとComplementizerのBorderline caseなので、役に立つと思います。<br>
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<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">___________________________________________________ </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Yongtaek Kim, Ph.D. </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Associate Professor of Korean and Linguistics</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Director of Korean Program </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">School of Modern Languages, Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Swann 309 </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ykim791@gatech.edu </span></p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Kofi Yakpo <kofi@hku.hk><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, February 6, 2024 5:22 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Kim, Yongtaek <ykim791@gatech.edu><br>
<b>Cc:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] historical change from a complementizer to a temporal adverbial</font>
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Dear Yongtaek,</div>
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<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif; font-size:small">
In the African Caribbean English-lexifier Creole Pichi, spoken in Equatorial Guinea, and probably in related varieties in the region (Nigerian Pidgin, Cameroon Pidgin), the polyfunctional subordinator 'we' (possibly sourced from English 'where', although this
is not sure), functions as a relativizer and adverbial (chiefly temporal) subordinator, and may additionally function as a complementizer to complement-taking main verbs like 'hear', 'feel sorry' etc, though the latter use is less frequent.</div>
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<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif; font-size:small">
See <a href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/85">this book</a>, sec. 10.5.7, 10.6, 10.7.</div>
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<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif; font-size:small">
Best wishes,</div>
<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif; font-size:small">
Kofi</div>
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<div><font size="1" color="#666666" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">————<br>
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<font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#666666">Dr Kofi Yakpo • Associate Professor </font></font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102); font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:x-small">Chair of </span><a href="http://www.linguistics.hku.hk/" target="_blank" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:x-small"><font color="#6fa8dc">Linguistics</font></a><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102); font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:x-small"> </span><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102); font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:x-small">•</span><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102); font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:x-small"> </span><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://arts.hku.hk/" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">University
of Hong Kong</font></a></font></div>
<div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102); font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:x-small">My publications @ </span><a href="https://zenodo.org/search?q=yakpo&l=list&p=1&s=10&sort=publication-desc" target="_blank" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:x-small"><font color="#6fa8dc">zenodo</font></a> <span style="color:rgb(102,102,102); font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:x-small">• </span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:x-small; color:rgb(102,102,102)"> </span><a href="http://hub.hku.hk/cris/rp/rp01715" target="_blank" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:x-small"><font color="#6fa8dc">My
Page</font></a></div>
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<div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102); font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:x-small">Recently published:</span><font face="arial, sans-serif" size="1"><br>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_gmail_attr">On Tue, Feb 6, 2024 at 7:37 AM Kim, Yongtaek <<a href="mailto:ykim791@gatech.edu">ykim791@gatech.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
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<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:black">Hello, </span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:black">I'm Yongtaek, a linguist specializing in the contrastive analysis between Korean and Japanese at the Georgia Institute of Technology.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:black">Currently, I have been working on the historical change of the Japanese ya-ina-ya (interrogative-NEG-interrogative) from a complementizer
usage meaning 'whether or not' to the temporal adverbial-clause-linking usage meaning 'as soon as.'</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:black">After an extensive search for typological evidence, I have been unable to locate any datasets that directly address the evolutionary
shift from a complementizer to a temporal adverbial function in any language. </span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:black">I was just wondering if you know of any typological data where 'X-NEG-X' has changed from a complementizer ('whether or not') to
a temporal adverbial ('when' or 'as soon as').</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:black"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:black">I would greatly appreciate it if you could share any such typological data.</span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">___________________________________________________ </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">Yongtaek Kim, Ph.D. </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">Associate Professor of Korean and Linguistics</span></p>
<p style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">Director of Korean Program </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">School of Modern Languages, Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">Swann 309 </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><a href="mailto:ykim791@gatech.edu" target="_blank">ykim791@gatech.edu</a> </span></p>
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