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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear Christian – My assumption is that bare infinitives are subject to syntactic control (i.e., their unexpressed subject or pivot must be coreferential with a core argument of the matrix), and that
the function of the type of construction you are interested in is to block/remove that control requirement, and thus for the argument of the infinitive that would be its subject/pivot in matrix to become expressible. Accordingly, the following terminological
choices come to mind:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Anti-control (infinitive) construction<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Uncontrolled infinitive (construction)
<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">I’m sure more creative folks than me can come up with more creative expressions of the basic idea.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="color:black">From: </span></b><span style="color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date: </b>Tuesday, April 23, 2024 at 07:10<br>
<b>To: </b>lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] for-to infinitival<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Dear colleagues,<br>
<br>
as so often, my question is terminological in nature. Let's presuppose the structure and function of the English
<i>for ... to</i> infinitival. The property that is of relevance to me is that it allows its subject to be represented. Now Cabecar has a very similar construction:<br>
<br>
<span style="font-family:"Cambria",serif;color:green"> Yís te ayë́́ kjuä́ tju̱-á̱ ijé yö́-n-a̱-klä.</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.0in;page-break-after:avoid"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Cambria",serif">1.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">erg</span> book buy-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">pfv</span> [<span style="font-variant:small-caps">3.ps</span> form-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">mid</span>-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">vsn-fin</span>]</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="ex-translation" style="margin-left:.5in"> ‘<span style="font-family:"Cambria",serif">I bought the book for him to study.’</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Like the English construction, it adds an operator - the suffix
<i>-klä</i> - to the plain infinitival - marked by the vacant subject nominalizer
<i>-a</i><i><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">̱</span></i>, which we could, to simplify the discussion, take to be an infinitive suffix. And the infinitival marked by
<i>-klä</i> differs from the plain infinitival exactly by not suppressing the subject argument and involving no phoric control by any component of the superordinate clause. Its syntax is also comparable to the Portuguese inflected (or personal) infinitive of
the kind <i>para ele estudar</i> 'for him to study', <i>para estudarmos</i> 'for us to study'.<br>
<br>
What do we call the <i>-klä</i> operator; and what do we call this infinitival? In most, though not all contexts, this infinitival indicates the purpose of the action of the superordinate clause. I had therefore considered calling it by the term of traditional
grammar <i>final</i> (suffix and infinitival). Now this way is not open to me because this grammar (like most grammars, I presume) needs the term
<i>final</i> to designate something (including a finite or non-finite clause) that goes at the end of a syntagma.<br>
<br>
The term that comes to mind is <i>purposive</i>. I am reluctant to adopt it, for the following reasons:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-left:.5in">1) This infinitival does not always have a purposive function, as in the following example:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="color:green"> Jé o</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:green">̱</span><span style="color:green">́-r=mi</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:green">̱</span><span style="color:green">
Juan wa</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:green">̱</span><span style="color:green"> i aláklä wä́yu-ä-klä.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.0in;page-break-after:avoid"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-variant:small-caps">d.med</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> do1-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">mid(ipfv)=pot</span> [John
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">dsp</span> 3 woman cheat-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">vsn-fin]</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="ex-translation" style="margin-left:.5in"> ‘<span style="font-family:"Cambria",serif">It is possible that John cheats on his wife.’</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">(The diathesis of the non-finite construction is as if the transitive verb were in middle voice; DSP is a kind of agent postposition on 'John'.)<br>
<br>
2) More generally, a term referring to the structure rather than to the function of the construction would be more useful. The decisive syntactic difference is that the infinitive marked by
<i>-klä</i>, while rearranging the valency a bit, does not reduce it. Thus, contrasting with 'vacant-subject nominalizer', it could be called 'valency-rearranging nominalizer'. Not very elegant, though; and 'valency-rearranged infinitival' sounds even worse.<br>
<br>
3) The word <i>purposive</i> has never felt particularly elegant to me, in terms of standard derivational morphology [although I'm afraid that what reacts in me here is a Latin-speaker intuition rather than an English-speaker intuition].<br>
<br>
If English grammarians call the construction a <i>for-to</i> infinitive, then I might call the Cabecar construction a
<i>-klä</i> infinitive. This however, would imply a bankruptcy declaration of linguistic analysis and would, moreover, not solve the problem of the interlinear gloss for
<i>-klä</i>.<br>
<br>
Has anybody seen a good term for this kind of construction? Any help would be most welcome. Thanks in advance,<br>
Christian<br>
-- <o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Tel.:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">+49/361/2113417<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">E-Post:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Web:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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