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<div>Dear Christian,<br></div><div><br></div><div>From what I gather,<br></div><div><ul><li>V<i>-a̱</i> 'vacant subject nominaliser' suppresses an own-clause subject<br></li><li>
V<i>-a̱</i><i>-klä</i> 'VSN-?' allows the appearance of an own-clause subject (=/= that of the superordinate clause?)<br></li><li>Both can mark purposive clauses and
complements of stative predicates (e.g. 'possible for X to happen')</li></ul><div>My first question is whether or not it makes sense for
<i>-a̱</i> to retain the VSN gloss when
<i>-klä</i> is also present, since the subject suppression feature is undone by
<i>-klä</i>. Then, wouldn't it make more sense to analyse
<i>-a̱</i><i>-klä</i> as one form with the structural feature of allowing a subject, contrasting with
<i>-a̱</i> which does not?
</div><div><br></div><div>Secondly, I wonder if you have considered that
these two infinitival constructions might make a contrast based on
coreference? The VSN appears when there is an available coreferential
argument in the superordinate clause, while <i>-a̱</i><i>-klä</i>
appears when there is no possible coreferent (allowing the introduction
of a new one). In that case, I would suggest a label based on this
behaviour. This is however somewhat oblique to the valency behaviour.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Ellison Luk</div></div>
</div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, 24 Apr 2024 at 12:33, Riccardo Giomi via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div class="msg2178514425181876869">
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Dear Christian and all,</div>
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This might sound (and actually, be) somewhat trivial, but, if you're after a structural rather than functional definition, could it make sense to adopt the Portuguese terminology and call the Cabecar construction
<i>personal infinitive?</i> (As in Portuguese,<i> inflected</i> <i>infinitive </i>
could also be an option, although it is obviously vaguer and less precise – since any infinitive form is ipso facto inflected, if it includes an infinitive marker.)</div>
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This would obviously not work if you were looking for a term for the -<i>klä </i>
morpheme as such, but I don't immediately see why it couldn't apply to the inflected word-form as a whole, to the extent that this includes a person marker. In Portuguese too, the infinitive marker -<i>r
</i>(or for some, -<i>Vr</i>) and the person indexes (-<i>0, -es, -mos</i>, etc.) are actually separate morphemes, which as they occur together distinguish this inflectional form for the rest of the paradigm.</div>
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Apologies if I am missing something!</div>
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Best,</div>
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Riccardo</div>
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<div style="font-size:11pt;color:rgb(23,78,134)">Riccardo Giomi</div>
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Assistant Professor of Functional Linguistics</div>
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University of Amsterdam</div>
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Faculty of Humanities: Department of Linguistics</div>
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Spuistraat 134, 1012 VB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</div>
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<div id="m_2178514425181876869divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Nigel Vincent via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 24 April 2024 08:26<br>
<b>To:</b> Christian Lehmann <<a href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de" target="_blank">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>>; <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>; Juergen Bohnemeyer <<a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">jb77@buffalo.edu</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] for-to infinitival</font>
<div> </div>
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A couple of problems with Juergen's suggestion, one empirical and one terminological:</div>
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<div style="font-family:Aptos,Aptos_EmbeddedFont,Aptos_MSFontService,Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
the empirical problem is that there are instances of bare infinitives that aren't dependent on an argument in the matrix clause: 'It was fun to see everyone yesterday', 'It's hard to do that' - often called 'implicit control'</div>
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and terminologically the problem is that these days, even if one does not work within generative grammar, the term 'control' is commonly used in a pair with 'raising' so better not to use it for Christian's dataset, I'd say.</div>
</li></ul>
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Sorry not to be able to offer a more positive contribution to the discussion!</div>
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Nigel</div>
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<div style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</div>
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<div style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px">Linguistics & English Language<br>
School of Arts, Languages and Cultures</div>
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<span style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px"><a href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html" target="_blank">https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html</a></span></div>
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<div id="m_2178514425181876869x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:11pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Juergen Bohnemeyer via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 23 April 2024 10:15 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Christian Lehmann <<a href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de" target="_blank">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>>; <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] for-to infinitival</span>
<div> </div>
</div>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear Christian – My assumption is that bare infinitives are subject to syntactic control (i.e., their unexpressed subject or pivot must be coreferential
with a core argument of the matrix), and that the function of the type of construction you are interested in is to block/remove that control requirement, and thus for the argument of the infinitive that would be its subject/pivot in matrix to become expressible.
Accordingly, the following terminological choices come to mind:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in">
<li style="font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif";font-size:12pt">Anti-control (infinitive) construction</span></li><li style="font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif";font-size:12pt">Uncontrolled infinitive (construction)</span></li></ul>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">I’m sure more creative folks than me can come up with more creative expressions of the basic idea.</span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen</span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:9pt;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
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<span style="color:black"><b>From: </b>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Tuesday, April 23, 2024 at 07:10<br>
<b>To: </b><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] for-to infinitival</span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
Dear colleagues,<br>
<br>
as so often, my question is terminological in nature. Let's presuppose the structure and function of the English
<i>for ... to</i> infinitival. The property that is of relevance to me is that it allows its subject to be represented. Now Cabecar has a very similar construction:<br>
<br>
<span style="font-family:"Cambria",serif;color:green"> Yís te ayë́́ kjuä́ tju̱-á̱ ijé yö́-n-a̱-klä.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:1in"><span style="font-family:"Cambria",serif;font-size:11pt"><a href="http://1.sg" target="_blank">1.sg</a> erg book buy-pfv [<a href="http://3.ps" target="_blank">3.ps</a> form-mid-vsn-fin]</span></p>
<p style="margin:0px 0in 0px 0.5in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
‘<span style="font-family:"Cambria",serif">I bought the book for him to study.’</span></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
Like the English construction, it adds an operator - the suffix <i>-klä</i> - to the plain infinitival - marked by the vacant subject nominalizer
<i>-a</i><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><i>̱</i></span>, which we could, to simplify the discussion, take to be an infinitive suffix. And the infinitival marked by
<i>-klä</i> differs from the plain infinitival exactly by not suppressing the subject argument and involving no phoric control by any component of the superordinate clause. Its syntax is also comparable to the Portuguese inflected (or personal) infinitive of
the kind <i>para ele estudar</i> 'for him to study', <i>para estudarmos</i> 'for us to study'.<br>
<br>
What do we call the <i>-klä</i> operator; and what do we call this infinitival? In most, though not all contexts, this infinitival indicates the purpose of the action of the superordinate clause. I had therefore considered calling it by the term of traditional
grammar <i>final</i> (suffix and infinitival). Now this way is not open to me because this grammar (like most grammars, I presume) needs the term
<i>final</i> to designate something (including a finite or non-finite clause) that goes at the end of a syntagma.<br>
<br>
The term that comes to mind is <i>purposive</i>. I am reluctant to adopt it, for the following reasons:</p>
<p style="margin:0px 0in 0px 0.5in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
1) This infinitival does not always have a purposive function, as in the following example:</p>
<p style="margin:0px 0in 0px 0.5in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
<span style="color:green"> Jé o</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:green">̱</span><span style="color:green">́-r=mi</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:green">̱</span><span style="color:green"> Juan wa</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:green">̱</span><span style="color:green"> i
aláklä wä́yu-ä-klä.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:1in"><span style="font-size:11pt">d.med do1-mid(ipfv)=pot [John dsp 3 woman cheat-vsn-fin]</span></p>
<p style="margin:0px 0in 0px 0.5in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
‘<span style="font-family:"Cambria",serif">It is possible that John cheats on his wife.’</span></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
(The diathesis of the non-finite construction is as if the transitive verb were in middle voice; DSP is a kind of agent postposition on 'John'.)<br>
<br>
2) More generally, a term referring to the structure rather than to the function of the construction would be more useful. The decisive syntactic difference is that the infinitive marked by
<i>-klä</i>, while rearranging the valency a bit, does not reduce it. Thus, contrasting with 'vacant-subject nominalizer', it could be called 'valency-rearranging nominalizer'. Not very elegant, though; and 'valency-rearranged infinitival' sounds even worse.<br>
<br>
3) The word <i>purposive</i> has never felt particularly elegant to me, in terms of standard derivational morphology [although I'm afraid that what reacts in me here is a Latin-speaker intuition rather than an English-speaker intuition].<br>
<br>
If English grammarians call the construction a <i>for-to</i> infinitive, then I might call the Cabecar construction a
<i>-klä</i> infinitive. This however, would imply a bankruptcy declaration of linguistic analysis and would, moreover, not solve the problem of the interlinear gloss for
<i>-klä</i>.<br>
<br>
Has anybody seen a good term for this kind of construction? Any help would be most welcome. Thanks in advance,<br>
Christian<br>
--</p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0.5in"><span style="font-size:11pt">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
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Deutschland</span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Web:</span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;font-size:12pt"><span style="font-size:9.5pt;color:blue"><u><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.christianlehmann.eu/__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!Gr-c_FlTP9dBXgWFtpgurU8R2lUcNE9S4J-aH7MVe8y0KPPLLrp-fXVKzCQrxqBKTr7lpys3rHm8zetfgG6elF9L7ZhR6UyH6jTi2g$" id="m_2178514425181876869OWA2f1e8211-4462-1ff3-2849-29abf40c8bee" style="color:blue;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px" target="_blank">https://www.christianlehmann.eu
[christianlehmann.eu]</a></u></span></p>
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