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Dear colleagues:<br>
<br>
I do think that Willy Van Langendock’s (WvL) work has convincingly
dealt with many or most of the seemingly unusual or puzzling issues
around names that have come up in this discussion, partly by
reminding of the common distinction between lexemes (dictionary
entries) and grammatical categories. The question whether or not
something is a proper name depends on how it is used. <i>Kylian</i>,
<i>Mbappé</i> and <i>Kylian Mbappé</i> are proprial lemmas (entries
in the onymicon) that are typically used as proper names, but that
can also be used as common nouns. Likewise, words such as <i>word</i>,
which WvL calls appellative lemmas, are typically used as common
nouns, but they can also be used as proper names, in autonymic
function, as in <i>the word word</i> (close apposition), or <i>Not
every language has a word for word</i> (no indefinite article *<i>a
word for a word</i>). Then, WvL points out that the lexicon can
contain proprio-appellative lemmas, used with comparable ease and
frequency as proper names or common nouns, such as brand names.<br>
<br>
I suppose few linguists would find it interesting to determine
whether the English lexeme <i>drink</i> is really a noun (as in<i>
I need a drink</i>) or a verb (as in <i>You drink too much</i>).
In this respect “nomino-verbal” lemmas such as <i>drink</i> are
similar to proprio-appellative lemmas such as <i>Volkswagen </i>(<i>He
bought a Volkswagen</i> versus <i>Volkswagen is a German brand</i>),
even though the grammatical differences between proper names and
common nouns are smaller that those between, say, nouns and verbs.<br>
<br>
In order to talk about proprial lemmas used as common nouns, I have
sometimes used the term <i>deproprial nouns</i> (but I now wonder
whether that was a smart move, as it may imply that derivation is
necessarily involved, versus simply the use of the same lexeme in
different contexts). <br>
<br>
English may not be the most insightful example language to discuss
these distinctions, which is one of the reasons why I attached the
paper on Kirundi. In Kirundi, proprial lemmas used as proper names
versus as common (“deproprial”) nouns are clearly grammatically
distinguished. Used as proper names, they trigger a special kind of
semantic agreement: they agree according to the gender of the noun
that expresses their presupposed categorical meaning (for me
confirming the validity of WvL’s theory on this point as well). The
“same” name (i.e. based on the same proprial lemma) will agree in
gender 1 (the gender of the noun for ‘person’) or in gender 9 (the
gender of the noun for ‘dog’), depending on whether it is the name
of a person or a dog.<br>
<br>
<br>
(1) Rundi (Van de Velde 2009: 224)<br>
<br>
a. u-ru-kara ‘black(ness)’ (class 11)<br>
<br>
b. u-muu-ntu ‘person’ (class 1); i-m-bwá ‘dog’ (class 9)<br>
<br>
c. Rukara a-rikó a-rafuungura<br>
<br>
Rukara 1sm-is 1-eating<br>
<br>
‘Rukara (a person) is eating.’<br>
<br>
d. Rukara i-rikó i-iraryá<br>
<br>
Rukara 9sm-is 9-eating<br>
<br>
‘Rukara (a dog) is eating.’<br>
<br>
Most proprial lemmas in the Bantu languages have a transparant
etymology. It is clear on which appellative lemma they are based. In
“deproprial uses” (hang on: proprial lemmas with an appellative
etymology used as common nouns) proper name agreement is not
available to them and they trigger formal agreement based on the
gender of their etymological source. Thus, in his short grammar of
Kirundi, Meeussen (1959:191) noted that in some cases Kirundi
personal names trigger syntactic agreement on adnominal modifiers
and semantic (in this case animate, not proper name) agreement on
verbs, as in (2).<br>
<br>
(2) Kagǔba ka-a-Nkúba à-ríima<br>
<br>
Kaguba 12-gen-Nkuba 1sm-rises_to_power<br>
<br>
Kaguba (son) of Nkuba rises to power.’<br>
<br>
In (2), the genitive modifier is restrictive/disambiguating, and <i>Kaguba</i>
is therefore used as a common noun with the meaning ‘person called
Kaguba.’ Its initial syllable <i>ka</i> strongly suggests that its
etymology is a class 12 noun, marked by the prefix <i>ka-</i> in
Kirundi.<br>
<br>
WvL is my old PhD supervisor and I am grateful for all the things he
taught me. I’ll rest my case after this. <br>
<br>
Enjoy the rest of your week,<br>
<br>
Mark<br>
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</span></p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 25/06/2024 19:13, Juergen Bohnemeyer
via Lingtyp wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:SJ0PR15MB46966554560D8F9D74369745DDD52@SJ0PR15MB4696.namprd15.prod.outlook.com">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear all – This is
a great discussion! I’ve long been fascinated by the
phenomena of common-proper fluidity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">The philosophers
tell us that common nouns lexicalize conceptual categories,
whereas proper nouns become attached to individuals via acts
of naming.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">But names can be
metonymically extended to categories. A well-worn example of
this are brand names (<i>a Kleenex</i>,
<i>a Jaguar</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">And acts of naming
can be based on rules (productive naming conventions), which
can be used to generate categories.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">The rule than
names days of the week in a certain order from an origin
point projected back in time is a productive naming
convention. In (1),
<i>Wednesday </i>is treated as a proper noun (arguably, a
metaphorical toponym); in (2), it is treated as a common
noun.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">(1)<span
style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">We’ll meet on
Wednesday<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">(2)<span
style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">I don’t like
Wednesdays<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">(3)<span
style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">We always meet on
Wednesdays<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">(4)<span
style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">We always meet on
Wednesday<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">There are two ways
to interpret (3): as a combination of the common noun with
habitual/generic reference, or an indefinite interpretation
which could involve either the common noun or the proper
noun (a case of morphosyntactic indeterminacy, where a
single surface string is compatible with two distinct parses
with identical interpretations). More on the possibility of
coercing indefinite common noun interpretations out of
proper nouns shortly!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">(4), Frans’
example, is extensionally (i.e., referentially) synonymous
with (3), but the interpretation process is different.
Unlike (3), (4) involves the proper noun, but the naming
rule is used to coerce a generic interpretation. Somewhat
similar are (5) and (6), except that in these cases, the
coerced indefinite interpretation is facilitated by analogy
rather than by a generative rule. As a result, the relevant
categories are prototype categories (‘a soccer
forward/winger with the prowess of Kylian Mbappé’, ‘a
bigoted blue-collar dad like (fictional) Archie Bunker’).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">(5)<span
style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Every team would
like an Mbappé<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.5in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">(6)<span
style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">In every family,
there’s an Archie Bunker
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen
Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"" lang="DE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"CMU Serif"" lang="DE"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div id="mail-editor-reference-message-container">
<div>
<div
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<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in">
<b><span style="color:black">From: </span></b><span
style="color:black">Lingtyp
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> on
behalf of Frans Plank via Lingtyp
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
<b>Date: </b>Tuesday, June 25, 2024 at 08:33<br>
<b>To: </b>Greville Corbett
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:g.corbett@surrey.ac.uk"><g.corbett@surrey.ac.uk></a><br>
<b>Cc: </b>Richard Coates
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:richard.coates@uwe.ac.uk"><richard.coates@uwe.ac.uk></a>, Mark Van de Velde
via Lingtyp <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] [Spam:] nouns denoting
months and days of the week<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">So, what’s the
difference to "We always meet on Tuesday, although Friday
would be best for me”?
<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">I think
Richard Coates has long been among those (sensibly)
emphasising that it’s a difference whether we’re dealing
with (a) different modes of referring,
reference-by-describing and reference-by-naming, or (b)
expressions of a particular lexical and morphosyntactic
class dedicated to performing one or the other function.
Thus, some languages can use expressions appropriately
categorised as interjections or clauses or random
(phonotactically well-formed) phoneme combinations to
refer-by-naming. Would we want to see such expressions,
when used for this purpose, categorised as a subcategory
of nouns, nomina propria?<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Frans <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> <br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">On 25.
Jun 2024, at 14:03, Greville Corbett via Lingtyp
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Dear
Christian <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Here
are some helpful thoughts I pass on from
Richard Coates, who’s not on Lingtyp; he
writes very interestingly on names (place
names, family names …).<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-left:30.0pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">I
don't think day-names are proper. A
major criterion for me is behaviour
with indefinite markers. If I use a
proper name with an indefinite article
in English, it can only mean 'a member
of the set of items bearing that
name'. So you are a Greville and there
is a London in Canada. (Skipping over
complications like metaphorical usage
- he's just a Putin, we'll build a new
Jerusalem).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Day-names
are different. We always used to meet
on a Tuesday. They can be used in the
plural - Fridays are best for me. And
the meaning is in each case constant:
the day between x-1 and x+1, or the
xth day of the week. I think John
Lyons placed them, like months, in the
sense-category <i>cyclic</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">So
fundamentally I agree with Christian.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Richard<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Richard
Coates</span><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div id="x_Signature">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Bristol
Centre for Linguistics</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div id="x_Signature">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">University
of the West of England</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div id="x_Signature">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Bristol
BS16 1QY, UK.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
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</div>
<div>
<div id="x_Signature">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Projects:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
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<div id="x_Signature">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Survey
of English Place-Names (BA/AHRC) <a
href="http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~aezins//survey/"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~aezins//survey/</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
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</div>
<div>
<div id="x_Signature">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Family
Names of the United Kingdom (AHRC)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div id="x_Signature">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">e: </span><a
href="mailto:richard.coates@uwe.ac.uk" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">richard.coates@uwe.ac.uk</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div id="x_Signature">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">w: <a
href="http://www1.uwe.ac.uk/cahe/pdf.aspx?page=1101"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">http://www1.uwe.ac.uk/cahe/pdf.aspx?page=1101</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in">Very best<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in">Grev<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in">On 25 Jun
2024, at 11:35, Mark Van de Velde via
Lingtyp
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p style="margin-left:.5in">Dear
Christian:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in">Names of
months are discussed clearly and
extensively in Willy Van
Langendonck's
<i>Theory and Typology of Proper
Names</i> (2007, Mouton de
Gruyter). Van Langendonck crucially
distinguishes between proper names
and proprial lemmas (= lexical items
typically used as proper names). He
defines proper names as follows
(2007:88):<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><PHIvYy76LbWGrbw0.png>
<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<p style="margin-left:.5in">The
semantic and pragmatic parts of his
definition are universal, but the
formal part is more
language-specific. Therefore a
further distinction between the
universal category of proper names
and language-specific word classes
of Proper Names is useful. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in">The
criterion of ability to appear in
close appositional constructions
works well for Indo-European
languages. It is naturally applied
to names of months (<i>the month of
June</i>), but not to
<i>morning</i> or <i>midnight</i>
(??<i>the time of the day morning</i>).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in">Van
Langendonck (2007: 225-232) provides
a detailed discussion of different
kinds of temporal names, which also
discusses the names of the days of
the week. From a semantic-pragmatic
point of view, they are proper
names, as they denote unique
entities in the basic level category
<i>day</i>. When used as proper
names, they do not take an article,
as is typical for Proper Names in
English. In contrast, they can't be
used is close appositional
constructions like
<i>?the day Monday</i>. This may
have a simple formal explanation in
the presence of the noun for the
basic level category term
<i>day </i>in the day names
themselves, but it could also
suggest that names of days are less
typical proper names than names of
months, and that therefore they have
fewer of the formal characteristics
of English Proper Names.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in">I attach a
short paper on names in the Bantu
language Kirundi where Van
Langendonck's approach is applied,
with the additional distinction
between the universal category of
proper names and the language
specific notion of Proper Names.
Names of months are discussed too.
(Van de Velde, Mark (2009).
Agreement as a grammatical criterion
for proper name status in Kirundi.
In:
<i>Onoma</i> 44: 219-241. (written
in 2011, appeared in January 2012)).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in">All the
best,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:.5in">Mark<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in">On
25/06/2024 09:13, Christian
Lehmann via Lingtyp wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in">If one
searches the web with the question
"Are nouns denoting days of the
week proper names?", some pages
know that the answer is 'yes'.
However, their argument is
circular: Since English
orthography requires the
capitalization of such nouns, they
are categorized as proper names;
and since they are proper names,
they are to be capitalized.<br>
<br>
I use the following definitions: A
common noun is a noun which
designates an entity by subsuming
it under a notion. A proper noun
or name is a noun that refers to
an entity without subsuming it
under a notion. Consequently, a
common noun can be defined; a
proper noun cannot (over and
beyond the onomastic category that
it belongs to, like anthroponym or
toponym).<br>
<br>
Now an entity like Tuesday can
easily be defined as the second
day of the week; and likewise an
entity like February. By this
criterion, such entities appear to
be notions, and the nouns
designating them consequently
common nouns.<br>
<br>
If such nouns are proper nouns,
then why are nouns like <i>midnight</i>
and <i>morning</i> not?<br>
<br>
What do the semanticists say? And
are there
structural/distributional
properties distinguishing proper
and common nouns which decide the
alternative for designations of
months and days? Are there nouns
taking an intermediate position
between common and proper?<br>
-- <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt">Prof.
em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span
style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable"
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.5pt">Tel.:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td
style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.5pt">+49/361/2113417<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.5pt"><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td
style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.5pt">Web:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.5pt"><a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<pre style="margin-left:.5in">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin-left:.5in">Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre>
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class="moz-txt-link-freetext">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
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</blockquote>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in">-- <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
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style="margin-left:.5in"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td
style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><img
style="width:1.9791in;height:.9687in" id="_x0000_i1025"
src="cid:~WRD0003.jpg"
alt="Image removed by sender. LLACAN" moz-do-not-send="true" width="190"
height="93" border="0"></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td
style="width:7.5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt" width="10"><br>
</td>
<td
style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt">
<p class="MsoNormal">Mark
Van de Velde<br>
Directeur du LLACAN
(CNRS-INaLCO) <br>
<a
href="https://mark.vandevelde.cnrs.fr/" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="color:#990000;text-decoration:none">mark.vandevelde.cnrs.fr</span></a>
<br>
<a
href="https://bantu.cnrs.fr/" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="text-decoration:none">bantu.cnrs.fr</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><van_de_Velde_ONOMA.pdf>_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<fieldset class="moz-mime-attachment-header"></fieldset>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
</pre>
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<div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
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Directeur du LLACAN (CNRS-INaLCO)
<br>
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mark.vandevelde.cnrs.fr</a>
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