<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)">
<style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Helvetica;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:PMingLiU;
panose-1:2 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Aptos;}
@font-face
{font-family:Georgia;
panose-1:2 4 5 2 5 4 5 2 3 3;}
@font-face
{font-family:Consolas;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Charis SIL";
panose-1:2 0 5 0 6 0 0 2 0 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"SBL Hebrew";
panose-1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Lucida Sans Unicode";
panose-1:2 11 6 2 3 5 4 2 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Scheherazade New";
panose-1:1 0 6 0 2 0 0 2 0 3;}
@font-face
{font-family:"\@PMingLiU";
panose-1:2 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
pre
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted Char";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
span.apple-converted-space
{mso-style-name:apple-converted-space;}
span.HTMLPreformattedChar
{mso-style-name:"HTML Preformatted Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted";
font-family:"Consolas",serif;}
span.EmailStyle21
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif;
color:windowtext;}
span.Cam1Char
{mso-style-name:"Cam1 Char";
mso-style-link:Cam1;
font-family:"Charis SIL";}
p.Cam1, li.Cam1, div.Cam1
{mso-style-name:Cam1;
mso-style-link:"Cam1 Char";
margin:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
line-height:18.0pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Charis SIL";}
p.Cam1CxSpFirst, li.Cam1CxSpFirst, div.Cam1CxSpFirst
{mso-style-name:Cam1CxSpFirst;
mso-style-link:"Cam1 Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
line-height:18.0pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Charis SIL";}
p.Cam1CxSpMiddle, li.Cam1CxSpMiddle, div.Cam1CxSpMiddle
{mso-style-name:Cam1CxSpMiddle;
mso-style-link:"Cam1 Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
line-height:18.0pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Charis SIL";}
p.Cam1CxSpLast, li.Cam1CxSpLast, div.Cam1CxSpLast
{mso-style-name:Cam1CxSpLast;
mso-style-link:"Cam1 Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
line-height:18.0pt;
mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Charis SIL";}
span.CamLingExChar
{mso-style-name:"CamLingEx Char";
mso-style-link:CamLingEx;
font-family:"Charis SIL";}
p.CamLingEx, li.CamLingEx, div.CamLingEx
{mso-style-name:CamLingEx;
mso-style-link:"CamLingEx Char";
margin-top:5.0pt;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
text-indent:-1.0cm;
direction:rtl;
unicode-bidi:embed;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Charis SIL";}
p.CamLingExCxSpFirst, li.CamLingExCxSpFirst, div.CamLingExCxSpFirst
{mso-style-name:CamLingExCxSpFirst;
mso-style-link:"CamLingEx Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:5.0pt;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
text-indent:-1.0cm;
direction:rtl;
unicode-bidi:embed;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Charis SIL";}
p.CamLingExCxSpMiddle, li.CamLingExCxSpMiddle, div.CamLingExCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-name:CamLingExCxSpMiddle;
mso-style-link:"CamLingEx Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
text-indent:-1.0cm;
direction:rtl;
unicode-bidi:embed;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Charis SIL";}
p.CamLingExCxSpLast, li.CamLingExCxSpLast, div.CamLingExCxSpLast
{mso-style-name:CamLingExCxSpLast;
mso-style-link:"CamLingEx Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
text-indent:-1.0cm;
direction:rtl;
unicode-bidi:embed;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Charis SIL";}
span.aramaic
{mso-style-name:aramaic;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ligatures:none;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body lang="EN-GB" link="blue" vlink="purple" style="word-wrap:break-word">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="Cam1CxSpFirst"><span style="color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white">Dear Martin,
</span><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Cam1CxSpLast">An example of what you are looking for seems to be Neo-Aramaic.
<span style="color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white">
In many Neo-Aramaic dialects, the agent of past perfective verbs is oblique (ergative), but the object may be either nominative (1) and cross-referenced by a nominative affix on the verb or accusative (2) and not cross-referenced by a nominative suffix on the
verb:</span><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="CamLingExCxSpFirst" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:1.0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed">
<b><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="CamLingExCxSpMiddle" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:1.0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed">
<span style="color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white">Jewish Sanandaj Neo-Aramaic (Khan 2009)</span><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="CamLingExCxSpLast" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:1.0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed">
<span style="color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white">(1)</span><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="Cam1CxSpFirst">ʾoni<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="Cam1CxSpLast">gərš-í-le<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="Cam1CxSpFirst">they.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">nom<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="Cam1CxSpLast">pull.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">pst-1sg.nom-obl.3sg.m<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="Cam1">‘<span class="aramaic">he pulled </span>them’<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="CamLingEx" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:1.0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed">
<span style="color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white">(2)</span><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="Cam1CxSpFirst"><span style="color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white">grəš-le</span><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="Cam1CxSpLast"><span style="color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white">ʾəl-u</span><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" style="border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="Cam1CxSpFirst"><span style="color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white">pull.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">pst-obl</span></span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="Cam1CxSpLast"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white">acc-3pl</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="CamLingExCxSpFirst" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:1.0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed">
<span style="color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white">‘he pulled them’</span><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="CamLingExCxSpMiddle" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:1.0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed">
<b><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="CamLingExCxSpLast" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:1.0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed">
<span style="color:black;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white">Geoffrey Khan</span><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Geoffrey Khan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">University of Cambridge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sidgwick Avenue<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cambridge CB3 9DA, UK<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Woodbury, Anthony C via Lingtyp<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, July 1, 2024 4:08 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] Languages with accusative/ergative alternation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dear Martin and everyone, <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Yes, this is common for many verbs in many if not all Yupik-Inuit languages—as long as you recognize the case typically termed ‘Modalis’ or ‘Instrumental’ as having an accusative function, as is done in some Canadian traditions. For Central
Alaskan Yupik, Osahito Miyaoka (2012:903-4) calls these 'zero-derived antipassives,' giving as an example (I quote directly):<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Angute-m(A) nayiq(P) ner-aa<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">man-REL.sg seal.ABS.sg. eat-IND.3sg.3sg<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">’The man is eating /has (just) eaten the seal’<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Angun (S) nayir-mek(P) ner’-uq.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">man-REL.sg seal-ABM.sg eat-IND.3sg’<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">’The man is/has (just) eaten a/the seal’<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">A bit of explaining: In the first sentence, the REL(ative) is the name traditionally used for the case with ergative function; and the verb is indexing both the Relative and Absolutive arguments, which in the logic of Y-I languages, makes
it transitive. <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the second sentence—first of all—angun ‘man’ is actually in the ABSOLUTIVE case, not the RELATIVE (which would be angutem); it’s a typo. And the verb is indexing only the Absolutive case argment, which is the eater/actor, the man, and
in the logic of Y-I languages is considered intransitive because of this single indexing of an Absolutive. Meanwhile the patient is labeled ‘ABM’ for Ablative-Modalis (due to syncretism in Yup’ik of Ablative and Modalis). But it is reasonable to consider
the Ablative-Modalis here as having accusative case behavior, as asserted in a lot of Canadian literature.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Osahito then rightly point out that in the second case, ’the patient is backgrounded’ but still may or may not be considered as definite. He goes on to show that even a proper name can function as the patient in either of the two constructions,
which adds caution to the supposition that antipassives—if that’s what this is—necessarily “demote” the patient to some sort of generic status. <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tony Woodbury<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#7F7F7F">From:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">Martin Haspelmath <<a href="mailto:martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de">martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de</a>></span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#7F7F7F">Subject:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">[Lingtyp] languages with
accusative/ergative alternation</span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#7F7F7F">Date:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">June 30, 2024 at 7:41:54 AM
CDT</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#7F7F7F">To:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">LINGTYP LINGTYP <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>></span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><br>
<br>
Dear typologists,<br>
<br>
Does anyone know of a language that has been described as exhibiting an accusative/ergative alternation, i.e. where verbs with meanings like 'break' or 'chase' can occur in two constructions such as (1) and (2) (which are schematic examples, not English)?<br>
<br>
(1) the dog-NOM chased the cat-ACC<br>
<br>
(2) the dog-ERG chased the cat-NOM<br>
<br>
Such an alternation would be analogous to indirective/secundative alternations, as in the schematic examples (3) and (4).<br>
<br>
(3) they provided food-ACC us-DAT ('they provided food to us')<br>
<br>
(4) they provided us-ACC food-INS ('they provided us with food')<br>
<br>
While indirective/secundative alternations have been described repeatedly, accusative/ergative alternations are little-known, and seem to be quite rare. Is this impression correct?<br>
<br>
Thanks,<br>
<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
--<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br>
Martin Haspelmath<br>
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<br>
Deutscher Platz 6<br>
D-04103 Leipzig<br>
</span><a href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/</span></a><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><br>
<br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-variant-caps: normal;text-align:start;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;word-spacing:0px">
<br>
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<blockquote style="border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
<pre style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-variant-caps: normal;text-align:start;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;word-spacing:0px"><span style="font-size:13.5pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size:13.5pt">Martin Haspelmath<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size:13.5pt">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size:13.5pt">Deutscher Platz 6<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size:13.5pt">D-04103 Leipzig<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><a href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/">https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><br>
<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
</span><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><br>
</span><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</span></a><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif"><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-variant-caps: normal;text-align:start;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;word-spacing:0px">
<br>
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif">This message is from an external sender. Learn more about why this <<<br>
matters at<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://links.utexas.edu/rtyclf">https://links.utexas.edu/rtyclf</a>. <<<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>