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<p>Dear all</p>
<p>regarding the possibility of having two transitive constructions
in language, symmetrical voice languages are prime examples. The
following points are important in this regard:</p>
<p>1. While very often referred to as a primary example, Tagalog is
not the best exemplar for a symmetrical voice language. The best
exemplars come from language of western Indonesia and include
Balinese, Besemah, Batak, Totoli and many more. Riesberg (2014),
the most thorough discussion of symmetrical voice to date, clearly
shows that (a)symmetricality is gradual, with Totoli being the
most symmetrical language in her sample (which also comprises
Indonesian, Balinese and Tagalog).</p>
<p>2. Tagalog and other Philippine languages differ from the western
Indonesian language just mentioned in a number of regards,
including overt case marking. They also usally show some
specificity/definiteness constraints on the undergoer in actor
voice constructions - which are generally absent from the western
Indonesian languages. But these are rarely properly stated. It is
simply not true that undergoers in AV constructions cannot be
definite, as it is often stated. They can be definite in relative
clauses and other subordinate constructions. And they can also be
definite in main clauses, though not all types of definite
expressions are possible (DPs which include a possessor can
generally function as undergoers in actor voice construtions).<br>
</p>
<p>3. Percentages of actor voice and undergoer voice constructions
vary across corpora (and perhaps also languages), as seen in the
fllowing table from Riesberg et al. 2022<br>
</p>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
border:none;
mso-border-alt:none black 0cm;
padding:0cm;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTable15Plain2
{mso-style-name:"Plain Table 2";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border-top:solid;
border-left:none;
border-bottom:solid;
border-right:none;
border-color:black;
border-width:1.0pt;
mso-border-top-alt:solid .5pt;
mso-border-left-alt:none 0cm;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:none 0cm;
mso-border-color-alt:black;
mso-border-themecolor:text1;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
border:none;
mso-border-alt:none black 0cm;
padding:0cm;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTable15Plain2FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Plain Table 2";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:.5pt solid black;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:text1;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:.5pt solid black;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#404040;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTable15Plain2LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Plain Table 2";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#404040;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTable15Plain2FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Plain Table 2";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#404040;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTable15Plain2LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Plain Table 2";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
color:#404040;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTable15Plain2OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Plain Table 2";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-left:.5pt solid black;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:text1;
mso-tstyle-border-right:.5pt solid black;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:text1;}
table.MsoTable15Plain2EvenColumn
{mso-style-name:"Plain Table 2";
mso-table-condition:even-column;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-left:.5pt solid black;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:text1;
mso-tstyle-border-right:.5pt solid black;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:text1;}
table.MsoTable15Plain2OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Plain Table 2";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:.5pt solid black;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:text1;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:.5pt solid black;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p>
<table class="MsoTable15Plain2"
style="width:16.0cm;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-top-alt:
solid .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:none 0cm;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid .5pt;
mso-border-right-alt:none 0cm;mso-border-color-alt:black;mso-border-themecolor:
text1;mso-yfti-tbllook:1056;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt"
width="605" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr
style="mso-yfti-irow:-1;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastfirstrow:yes;
height:15.9pt">
<td
style="width:92.15pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;border-left:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-themecolor:
text1;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
border-right:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:
text1;mso-border-left-alt:none black 0cm;mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.9pt" width="123" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-yfti-cnfc:1;mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;
padding-bottom:0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;
mso-border-bottom-alt:0cm none black"><b
style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#404040;mso-ansi-language:EN-US" lang="EN-US"> </span></b></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:49.6pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;border-right:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.9pt"
width="66" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-yfti-cnfc:1;mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;
padding-bottom:0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;
mso-border-bottom-alt:0cm none black"><b
style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#404040" lang="EN-GB">% AV</span></b></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:42.55pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;border-right:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.9pt"
width="57" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-yfti-cnfc:1;mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;
padding-bottom:0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;
mso-border-bottom-alt:0cm none black"><b
style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#404040" lang="EN-GB">% UV</span></b></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:106.35pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;border-right:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.9pt"
width="142" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-yfti-cnfc:1;mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;
padding-bottom:0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;
mso-border-bottom-alt:0cm none black"><b
style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#404040" lang="EN-GB">Trans. clauses</span></b></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:162.95pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;border-right:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:
text1;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-right-alt:none black 0cm;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.9pt" width="217" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-yfti-cnfc:1;mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;
padding-bottom:0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;
mso-border-bottom-alt:0cm none black"><b
style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#404040" lang="EN-GB">Reference</span></b></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;height:13.6pt">
<td
style="width:92.15pt;border:none;border-left:none black 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:none black 0cm;
mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:13.6pt"
width="123" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">Balinese</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:49.6pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.6pt" width="66" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">62</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.6pt" width="57" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">38</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:106.35pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.6pt" width="142" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">1851 (+ 8% PASS)</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:162.95pt;border:none;border-right:none black 1.0pt;
mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-right-alt:none black 0cm;
mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:13.6pt"
width="217" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">Pastika (1999: 62)</span></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;height:13.1pt">
<td
style="width:92.15pt;border:none;border-left:none black 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:none black 0cm;
mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:13.1pt"
width="123" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">Besemah</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:49.6pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="66" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">56</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="57" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">44</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:106.35pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="142" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">899</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:162.95pt;border:none;border-right:none black 1.0pt;
mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-right-alt:none black 0cm;
mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:13.1pt"
width="217" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">McDonnell (2016)</span></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;height:13.1pt">
<td
style="width:92.15pt;border:none;border-left:none black 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:none black 0cm;
mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:13.1pt"
width="123" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">Pendau</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:49.6pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="66" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">45</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="57" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">55</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:106.35pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="142" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">443</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:162.95pt;border:none;border-right:none black 1.0pt;
mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-right-alt:none black 0cm;
mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:13.1pt"
width="217" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">Quick (2005: 235)</span></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;height:13.1pt">
<td
style="width:92.15pt;border:none;border-left:none black 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:none black 0cm;
mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:13.1pt"
width="123" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">Tondano</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:49.6pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="66" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">30</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="57" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">70</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:106.35pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="142" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">314</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:162.95pt;border:none;border-right:none black 1.0pt;
mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-right-alt:none black 0cm;
mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:13.1pt"
width="217" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">Brickell (2017) </span></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4;height:13.1pt">
<td
style="width:92.15pt;border:none;border-left:none black 1.0pt;
mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:none black 0cm;
mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:13.1pt"
width="123" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">Totoli</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:49.6pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="66" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">28</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:42.55pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="57" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">72</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:106.35pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:13.1pt" width="142" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">962</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:162.95pt;border:none;border-right:none black 1.0pt;
mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-right-alt:none black 0cm;
mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:13.1pt"
width="217" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">this study</span></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:1.75pt">
<td
style="width:92.15pt;border-top:none;border-left:
none black 1.0pt;mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;border-right:none;mso-border-left-alt:
none black 0cm;mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.75pt"
width="123" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">Classical Malay</span></p>
</div>
</td>
<td
style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.75pt"
width="66" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">27</span></p>
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width="57" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
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style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">73</span></p>
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height:1.75pt" width="142" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
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style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
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0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">115</span></p>
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<td
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none black 0cm;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:1.75pt" width="217" valign="top">
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid;
mso-border-between:0cm none black;mso-padding-between:0cm;padding-bottom:
0cm;mso-padding-bottom-alt:0cm;border-bottom:0cm none black;mso-border-bottom-alt:
0cm none black"><span
style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"" lang="EN-GB">Cumming (1991: 85)</span></p>
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<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none black 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:
none black 0cm;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"><a name="_Ref41667302"><span
style="mso-bookmark:_Ref37756489"><span lang="EN-GB">Table
</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref41667302"><span
style="mso-bookmark:_Ref37756489"><span lang="EN-GB"><span
style="mso-no-proof:yes">2</span></span></span></span><span
style="mso-bookmark:
_Ref41667302"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref37756489"></span></span><span
style="mso-bookmark:_Ref37756489"><span lang="EN-GB">: Ratios of
actor voice and
undergoer voice in some Austronesian symmetrical voice
languages.</span></span>
</div>
<p>There are clear limits to what one can conclude from such figures
given the fact that the corpora are very heterogeneous.<br>
</p>
<p>4. There are now recent state of the art overview articles on
symmetrical voice available which are highly recommended to
readers wanting to learn more about this phenomenon:</p>
<p class="Body"
style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:9.35pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-9.35pt"><span
style="color:windowtext" lang="EN-US"><span class="msoIns">Chen,
Victoria & McDonnell, Bradley. 2019. Western
Austronesian voice. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Annual
Review of
Linguistics</i> 5(1). 173–195.</span></span></p>
<p class="Body"
style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:9.35pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-9.35pt"><span
class="Hyperlink0"><span style="color:windowtext" lang="EN-US">Kroeger,
Paul &
Riesberg, Sonja. in press. </span></span><span
style="color:windowtext;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-US">Voice and transitivity. In
Adelaar, Alexander &
Schapper, Antoinette (eds.), <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The Oxford
guide to the Malayo-Polynesian languages of South East Asia. </i>Oxford:
Oxford
University Press<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">.<span
class="Hyperlink0"></span></i></span></p>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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</p>
<p class="biblio"><span lang="EN-US">Riesberg, Sonja. 2014. <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Symmetrical voice and linking in Western Austronesian languages</i>.
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:DE" lang="DE">Boston: de
Gruyter (Pacific Linguistics).</span></p>
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style="mso-comment-reference:I_1;mso-comment-date:20240412T1917"><span
style="mso-comment-continuation:2"><span
style="color:windowtext;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-US">Riesberg, Sonja & Bardají i
Farré, Maria &
Malcher, Kurt & Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. 2022. Predicting
voice choice in
symmetrical voice languages. All the things that do not work
in Totoli. </span></span></a><span
style="mso-comment-continuation:1"><span
style="mso-comment-continuation:2"><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="color:windowtext;
mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="DE">Studies in
Language</span></i></span></span><span
style="mso-comment-continuation:1"><span
style="mso-comment-continuation:2"><span
style="color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"
lang="DE">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-comment-continuation:1"><span
style="mso-comment-continuation:2"><span
style="color:windowtext;
mso-ansi-language:DE" lang="DE">46(2). 453<span
style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">–</span>516<i>.</i><span
style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> </span></span></span></span><a
href="https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.20061.rie"><span
style="mso-comment-continuation:
1"><span style="mso-comment-continuation:2"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";border:none;mso-ansi-language:DE;mso-fareast-language:DE"
lang="DE">https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.20061.ri</span></span></span></a>e</p>
<p class="Body"
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<p class="Body"
style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:9.35pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-9.35pt">Best
regards</p>
<p class="Body"
style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:9.35pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-9.35pt">Nikolaus<br>
</p>
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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 02/07/2024 20:42, Matthew Dryer via
Lingtyp wrote:<br>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Addressing
the more general question of whether there can be two
constructions both of which are transitive, but ignoring the
fact that Martin is apparently only interested in his query
in cases where there is argument flagging, I argued in Dryer
(1994) that in Ktunaxa (aka Kutenai), both the direct and
inverse constructions are transitive, though the direct is
about three times as frequent. I believe that there are even
stronger arguments for the analogous contrast in some
Algonquian languages. While the obviation systems of Ktunaxa
and Algonquian indirectly function to some extent like a
flagging system, I doubt that Martin would count them as
such.</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">I argued in
a conference talk I gave in 1995 that the closer in
frequency two alternative constructions are, the more likely
that both constructions will exhibit transitivity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Matthew<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;background:white">Dryer,
Matthew S. 1994. “The discourse function of the Kutenai
inverse". In </span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Voice
and Inversion</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt">,
edited by T. Givon, pp. 65-99. John Benjamins.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;background:white"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;background:white">Dryer,
Matthew S.
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1995 “Explaining the
intransitivity of passive clauses”. Invited plenary talk at
Conference on Functional Approaches, Albuquerque.</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div id="mail-editor-reference-message-container">
<div>
<div
style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Martin
Haspelmath <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de"><martin_haspelmath@eva.mpg.de></a><br>
<b>Date: </b>Tuesday, July 2, 2024 at 1:34</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">AM<br>
<b>To: </b>Matthew Dryer <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:dryer@buffalo.edu"><dryer@buffalo.edu></a>,
LINGTYP LINGTYP
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org"><LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] languages with
accusative/ergative alternation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p>On 01.07.24 19:00, Matthew Dryer wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Martin,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">I
don’t understand why you say “<span
style="color:#212121">by definition, a transitive
pattern is a dominant one (occurring in more than
two thirds of the cases)”. Why can there not be
two transitive patterns, neither of which is
dominant?</span></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#212121"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#212121">Matthew</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p>I'm not entirely sure (which is why I posted the query),
but it seems to me that the definition of "transitive"
requires that there be a single transitive pattern. In
English, for example, (i) is dominant over (ii), so we do
not say that both are transitive, and that "at" is an
accusative preposition. Instead, we say that "at" is an
oblique marker.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>(i) They shot the bear.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>(ii) They shot at the bear.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Lazard (2002) explains how the notion of transitivity can
be grounded in the notion of "the major biactant
construction" of a language. He does not say explicitly
that there can only be one such construction, but it seems
to be presupposed. In my (2011) paper (on S, A, P, T, R),
I rely on Lazard, and I also mostly assume that there is
just one transitive construction. I was unsure what to do
with cases like Yupik (mentioned by Tony Woodbury in this
thread), so I mostly ignored them (but I briefly mentioned
Tagalog in n. 12).<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Angute-m(A)
nayiq(P) ner-aa<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">man-ERG.SG
seal.ABS.SG eat-IND.3SG.3SG<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">’The
man is eating /has (just) eaten the seal’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Angun(S)
nayir-mek(P) ner’-uq.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">man.ABS.SG
seal-ABM.SG eat-IND.3SG<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">’The
man is/has (just) eaten a/the seal’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">It
seems to me that the way Tony labels the arguments
here is not well-motivated: Why is ergative-marked
"angute-m" an A in the first sentence, but
absolutive-marked "angun" an S in the second sentence?
Why is 'seal' a P in both sentences?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">It's
logically possible to say that both these sentences
are transitive, each with an A and a P, but do we
actually want to say that? Do we want to say that the
Yupik ABM ("ablative-modalis") is an accusative case?
I'm not sure, so I asked whether any language had been
described in this way (does Miyaoka 2012 say that?).
Maybe one problem is that making a distinction between
a pattern with a dominant member (as in English (i)
and (ii)) and a pattern where there is not clearly a
dominant member (as in Yupik) boils down to frequency,
and linguists are often reluctant to make such
decisions on the basis of frequency of use.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Denis
Creissels cites the example of Balinese (from Udayana
2013):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Cang
n-yemak baju ento.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">I
ACT-take shirt DEM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">'I
look the shirt.' (Actor Voice, accusative
alignment(?))<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Baju
ento jemak cang.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">shirt
DEM PAT.take I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">'I
look the shirt.' (Patient Voice, ergative
alignment(?))<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">However,
there is no argument flagging here (so the "alignment"
concerns only word order), and the Actor Voice is
characterized by a voice prefix, so it's not an
uncoded alternation (unlike the English
indirective/secundative alternation, and unlike the
Yupik alternation cited above).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Perhaps
the issue boils down to how exactly we individuate the
relevant constructions. For example, Creissels (2024)
often talks about "variants of the transitive
construction", which seems to be in line with Lazard's
(2002) presupposition that there is one "major
biactant construction", but do we want to say that the
two Yupik sentences cited by Tony Woodbury are
"variants of the Yupik transitive construction"? I'm
not sure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Thanks
for the discussion!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Martin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin-left:24.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-24.0pt">Creissels,
Denis. 2024. <i>Transitivity, valency and voice</i>.
Oxford: Oxford University Press (to appear).<span
style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-24.0pt">Haspelmath,
Martin. 2011. On S, A, P, T, and R as comparative
concepts for alignment typology.
<i>Linguistic Typology</i> 15(3). 535–567.<span
style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-24.0pt">Lazard,
Gilbert. 2002. Transitivity revisited as an example
of a more strict approach in typological research.
<i>Folia Linguistica</i> 36(3–4). 141–190. (doi:<a
href="https://doi.org/10.1515/flin.2002.36.3-4.141"
moz-do-not-send="true">10.1515/flin.2002.36.3-4.141</a>)<span
style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-24.0pt">Miyaoka,
Osahito. 2012. <i>A grammar of Central Alaskan
Yupik</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.<span
style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:-24.0pt">Udayana,
I Nyoman. 2013. <i>Voice and reflexives in Balinese</i>.
Austin: University of Texas at Austin. (PhD
dissertation.)<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div id="mail-editor-reference-message-container">
<div>
<div
style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <a
href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"
moz-do-not-send="true">
<lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> on behalf of
Martin Haspelmath via Lingtyp
<a
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
<b>Date: </b>Monday, July 1, 2024 at 2:00</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">AM<br>
<b>To: </b>LINGTYP LINGTYP <a
href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true"><LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] languages with
accusative/ergative alternation</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p>Thanks for the comments on my query!<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>I was thinking of a contrast between (i)
ALTERNATIONS and (ii) SPLITS, where an alternation
is a pair of related patterns with overlapping
distributions, while a split is a set of patterns
that complement each other. Thus, the TAM splits
in languages like Pitta-Pitta (Peter Austin) and
Kopar (Bill Foley) do not count here.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Misha Daniel is right that it is not clear how to
even identify <span style="font-size:11.0pt">
"accusative/ergative alternations", and for this
reason I had asked about languages which have
been "described as exhibiting" such an
alternation.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt">It seems to me
that one needs to specify that by definition, a
transitive pattern is a dominant one (occurring
in more than two thirds of the cases), so that
if there are two competing patterns none of
which is dominant, one cannot identify a
transitive pattern – and as a result, there is
no way to identify "accusative" or "ergative". A
well-known case of a language with no dominant
agent-patient pattern (and hence no
transitivity) is Tagalog.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt">(This is different
for ditransitive constructions, which need not
be dominant in this sense, because the
comparison is with monotransitive P, aas Misha
notes.)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Jürgen
Bohnemeyer's example from Hindi-Urdu seems more
like an alternation between two ergative
patterns (one in which the ergative is
"instrumental"), but it also illustrates the
difficulty of matching language-particular
phenomena with comparative concepts if the
latter are not very clearly defined.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Best,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Martin</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">On 30.06.24 16:07,
Michael Daniel wrote:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">Martin, </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">I am not sure how
to operationalize the notions of
accusative and ergative in this context.
Assuming one uses the standard procedure
of comparing the bivalent pattern to the
intransitive one, I guess some unmarked
antipassive constructions would qualify.
Thus, in Mehweb Dargwa, East Caucasian,
which lacks regular antipassive
derivation, the verb 'carry' has two
alternative valencies:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">Agent-Erg carries
Theme-Nom (ergative pattern
<i>on the basis of comparison</i> with X
goes)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">Agent-Nom carries
Theme-Erg (accusative pattern
<i>on the bases of comparison</i> with X
goes)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">But, <i>on the
basis of comparison</i> with other
transitive verbs, the second pattern is
intransitive, so this would not qualify as
accusative in the usual sense. Yet, I do
not clearly see what would be possible
other grounds to identify an ergative /
accusative alternation, even in the
presence of a TAM or animacy based split,
because in your requirement these
variables should be controlled for. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">This is different
from the situation of secundative /
indirective alternation, which is possible
to identify in a language because they are
identified on alignment-independent
grounds (comparison to the encoding of P).
Maybe I am missing something, but I do not
see how this is done in the case of the
putative ergative / accusative uncoded
alternation. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">Misha</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">вс, 30 июн. 2024</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">г. в 14:48, Peter
Austin via Lingtyp <<a
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote
style="border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">Assuming you
do not mean TAM-based split
ergativity, e.g. Pitta-Pitta.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">Best</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">Peter</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal"
style="text-align:center" align="center"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">
<hr width="100%" size="0" align="center">
</span></div>
<div id="m_2791204385624991659divRplyFwdMsg">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">
Lingtyp <<a
href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of Martin Haspelmath via
Lingtyp <<a
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, June 30, 2024
1:41:54 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> LINGTYP LINGTYP <<a
href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] languages
with accusative/ergative alternation</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt">
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt">Dear
typologists,<br>
<br>
Does anyone know of a language that
has been described as exhibiting an
<br>
accusative/ergative alternation,
i.e. where verbs with meanings like
<br>
'break' or 'chase' can occur in two
constructions such as (1) and (2) <br>
(which are schematic examples, not
English)?<br>
<br>
(1) the dog-NOM chased the cat-ACC<br>
<br>
(2) the dog-ERG chased the cat-NOM<br>
<br>
Such an alternation would be
analogous to indirective/secundative
<br>
alternations, as in the schematic
examples (3) and (4).<br>
<br>
(3) they provided food-ACC us-DAT
('they provided food to us')<br>
<br>
(4) they provided us-ACC food-INS
('they provided us with food')<br>
<br>
While indirective/secundative
alternations have been described <br>
repeatedly, accusative/ergative
alternations are little-known, and
seem <br>
to be quite rare. Is this impression
correct?<br>
<br>
Thanks,<br>
<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
-- <br>
Martin Haspelmath<br>
Max Planck Institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology<br>
Deutscher Platz 6<br>
D-04103 Leipzig<br>
<a
href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/"
target="_blank"
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<pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Martin Haspelmath<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Deutscher Platz 6<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>D-04103 Leipzig<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a
href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
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</blockquote>
<pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Martin Haspelmath<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Deutscher Platz 6<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>D-04103 Leipzig<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a
href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
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