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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear all – Extending Francesca’s question, one could of course also ask what morphological means are used to express inauthenticity/atypicality. These are basically hedges of one kind or another. Having
pestered Yucatec speakers for decades will all kinds of toys used as elicitation stimuli, I can report that they consistently use diminutives for this purpose. So an action figure of a man would be referred to as _<i>le=chan=máak=o’</i>_ DEF=DIM=person=D2
‘the/that little man,’ a toy car as _<i>le=chan=kàaro=a’</i>_ DEF=DIM=cart=D1 ‘this little car,’ etc.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Initially, I naturally assumed that the diminutive was simply reflective of the size of the toys. It was only when I noticed that the speakers were quite reluctant to drop the diminutives and seemed
to consider descriptions that omitted them infelicitous or downright inaccurate that I began to clue in to the diminutives being used in these cases to signal that we were not dealing with an actual person/car, but with representations of a person/car.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">The Yucatec diminutive expression
<i>chan </i>is a clitic particle that appears in a narrowly restricted position. It has a counterpart
<i>hach</i> that expresses authenticity/prototypicality and, as a scalar modifier/specifier, a large degree of some property on a relevant scale.
<i>Hach </i>and <i>chan</i> have subtly distinct positional properties. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="color:black">From: </span></b><span lang="IT" style="color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Francesca Masini via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date: </b>Tuesday, July 9, 2024 at 13:09<br>
<b>To: </b>lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Dear Lingtyp community,</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">I’m looking for examples of evaluative word-formation processes (affixation, compounding, reduplication, etc.) conveying “authenticity/prototypicality” (Grandi & Körtvélyessy
2015: 11). Some relevant examples would be:</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(1)</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Kwaza (van der Voort 2015: 608)</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">kanwa-tete</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">canoe-INT</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">‘real canoe’</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(2)</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Warlpiri (Bowler 2015: 439)</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">warna-nyayirni</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">snake-AUG</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">‘poisonous snake’ [“[i]n central Australia, the characteristic of being poisonous or dangerous is a highly salient feature of many indigenous snakes”]</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="IT" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(3)</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="IT" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Kikuyu (Komu 2008: 50; quoted in Mattiola & Barotto 2023: 150)</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">irio > irioirio
</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">‘food’ > ‘real food (not junk food)’</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">I would be extremely grateful for your help!
</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Best,</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Francesca</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">REFERENCES</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="slitestonorientro" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:50.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:12.0pt">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Bowler, Margit. 2015. Warlpiri. In Nicola Grandi & Livia Körtvelyessy (eds.),
<i>The Edinburgh handbook of evaluative morphology</i>, 438–447. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="slitestonorientro" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:50.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:12.0pt">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Grandi, Nicola & Lívia Körtvelyessy. 2015. Introduction: Why evaluative morphology? In Nicola Grandi & Lívia Körtvelyessy (Eds.), The Edinburgh handbook of evaluative morphology, 3-20. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press. </span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="slitestonorientro" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:50.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:12.0pt">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Komu, Mary W. 2008. An analysis of Gikuyu reduplication in the light of prosodic morphological approach. Nairobi: Kenyatta University MA thesis.</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="slitestonorientro" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:50.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:12.0pt">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Mattiola, Simone & Alessandra Barotto. 2023. Nominal reduplication in cross-linguistic perspective. From PLURALITY to CHANGE OF REFERENTS’ SPECIFICITY.
<i>Studies in Language </i>47(1). 135–189.</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="slitestonorientro" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:50.2pt;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:12.0pt">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">van der Voort, Hein. 2015. Kwaza. In Nicola Grandi& Livia Körtvelyessy (eds.),
<i>The Edinburgh handbook of evaluative morphology</i>, 606–615. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="IT"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –<br>
<b>Prof. Francesca Masini</b><br>
</span><i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#212121">Rector’s Delegate for Open Science and Research Data</span></i><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna<br>
Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Moderne (LILEC)<br>
Via Cartoleria 5, 40124 Bologna</span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><a href="http://www.unibo.it/docenti/francesca.masini" target="_blank" title="http://www.unibo.it/docenti/francesca.masini"><span style="color:#0078D7">http://www.unibo.it/docenti/francesca.masini</span></a></span><span lang="IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –– –<br>
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