<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body dir="auto"><div dir="ltr">Mira’s message reminded me of an English example where repetition narrows the term to central/prototype inferences:<div dir="ltr"><div><br></div><div><img alt="image.png" src="cid:A69A96FA-77A5-4917-A79D-BC1EA30E3BA0"></div><div><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><br id="lineBreakAtBeginningOfSignature"></span><div dir="ltr">In case the image doesn’t come out, it is the tag line on Pepperidge Farms’ Captiva cookie:</div><div dir="ltr">“If you’re going to have a cookie, have a <b>cookie</b>”</div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">Randy</div><div dir="ltr"><br><blockquote type="cite">On Jul 10, 2024, at 15:42, Mira Ariel via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:<br><br></blockquote></div><blockquote type="cite"><div dir="ltr">
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Dear Francesca and others,</div>
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I'm curious to know if these prototypicalization morphemes sometimes evolve an intensifying function later. </div>
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Bardenstein and I have a paper in <i>Studies in</i> <i>Language </i>46:2 (2022), where we trace the evolution of a number of intensifiers. Lo and behold, they evolve from expressions which narrow the application of the term to its central/prototpycal instances.
Later on this narrower may evolve an intensifying function. We only discuss independent modifiers, but reduplication, even morphological one, can indicate intensification:</div>
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Hebrew:</div>
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<i>Yafe yafe </i></div>
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Beautiful beautiful </div>
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'Central concept of beautiful (not 'more or less beautiful')'/'Very beautiful' </div>
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<i>Yefe.fe </i>(lexical reduplication) </div>
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'Very beautiful' </div>
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Best,</div>
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Mira (Ariel)</div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Riccardo Giomi via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, July 9, 2024 9:07 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
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Dear Francesca (and all),</div>
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Leti (Austronesian) has an "exactness" marker -- which again, actually appears to be a clitic, but anyway:</div>
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a. <i>N-tivl=</i><b><i>e</i></b><i>.</i> b. <i>N-tivla.</i></li></ol>
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3.SG-flap=<b>EXCT </b>3.SG-flap</div>
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‘It flaps.’ ‘It sort of flaps.’</div>
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(2) a. <i>vuar=lalavn=</i><b><i>e</i></b> b. <i>vuar=lalavn</i></div>
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big=mountain=<b>EXCT</b> big=mountain</div>
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‘a big mountain’ ‘a sort of a big mountain’</div>
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van Engelenhoven, Aone, 2004. <i>Leti, a Language of Southwest Maluku </i>(Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 211). KITLV Press, Leiden.</div>
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Best wishes,</div>
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Riccardo</div>
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<div style="font-size:11pt; color:rgb(23,78,134)">Riccardo Giomi</div>
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Assistant Professor of Functional Linguistics</div>
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University of Amsterdam</div>
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Faculty of Humanities: Department of Linguistics</div>
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Spuistraat 134, 1012 VB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</div>
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<div id="x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 09 July 2024 19:44<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
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<div>Dear Francesca,<br>
<br>
Cabecar (Chibchan) has a a formative <i>sí̱</i> with a twofold distribution:<br>
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a) As a derivational suffix on nouns, it means 'authentic', 'prototypical':<br>
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<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-top:0.21cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<a name="x_x__Ref392863461"></a><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">a. chíchi-sí̱</font></font></p>
</li></ol>
<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">dog-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">auth</span></font></font></p>
<p class="x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘authentic dog’</font></p>
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<font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">b. ju-sí̱</font></font></p>
<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">house-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">auth</span></font></font></p>
<p class="x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘authentic/real/legitimate house (i.e. traditional Cabecar house)’</font></p>
b) As an enclitic on adjectives, it means 'comparatively':<br>
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<li>
<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-top:0.21cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<a name="x_x__Ref392862889"></a><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">a. báá=sí̱</font></font></p>
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<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">nice=<span style="font-variant:small-caps">cmpr</span></font></font></p>
<p class="x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘comparatively/truly nice’<br>
</font></p>
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<font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">b. daláá=sí̱</font></font></p>
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<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">yellow=<span style="font-variant:small-caps">cmpr</span></font></font></p>
<p class="x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘genuinely yellow’</font></p>
<p class="x_x_paragraph-w-lead">It fulfills this latter function in comparative constructions, too.</p>
<p class="x_x_paragraph-w-lead">Best, Christian<br>
</p>
<div class="x_x_moz-signature">-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
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<td>+49/361/2113417</td>
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<td>E-Post:</td>
<td><a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-abbreviated x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
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<td>Web:</td>
<td><a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/" originalsrc="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/" shash="mdcV9CKtD1scDOMZkup/aoQauF+X1KBOLTwGIPx56Q4yrw5r5GO2iyEgVHktiVU+MUhbj5OGHiO9OGTAK4eKeL8kVOhc/xjzE8C2TyUZfKaXvTps1gLbvqsHoq5NryKiLqclEh/NpFCyj8iVMo6AdmC/CCPBQegjQDvp4N0nerY=">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
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