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Thanks, Mira and Randy, for the clarification. I wasn't aware of the three-way distinction but as you say, I guess the intensification principle holds nonetheless, as indeed with the Italian example I cited in my earlier post.</div>
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Nigel</div>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</div>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">Linguistics & English Language<br>
School of Arts, Languages and Cultures<br>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">The University of Manchester</div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html</span></div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Randy LaPolla <randy.lapolla@gmail.com><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 10 July 2024 2:59 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Nigel Vincent <nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk><br>
<b>Cc:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
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Hi Nigel My experience with the words cookie and biscuit in England, the US, and Australia is that they mean different things in all three places. The Aussies use both words, with biscuit being the unmarked term, and cookie being used for what
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</style>Hi Nigel<br id="x_lineBreakAtBeginningOfSignature">
<div dir="ltr">My experience with the words cookie and biscuit in England, the US, and Australia is that they mean different things in all three places. The Aussies use both words, with biscuit being the unmarked term, and cookie being used for what they call
the American style cookie, as in the photo. For Americans, at least in the northeast, where I am from, when you go to Ms Field’s Cookies, or get a cookie with a meal at Subway, it is this large soft cookie that one thinks of and gets. For us, biscuits are
small dried cracker-like things. (Though there is another use of biscuit in the south, as in biscuits and gravy, where it refers to a small bun.)</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Even though we use the same words, the extension of the cognitive categories they are labels for (what things the label can apply to), and the prototype exemplar around which the category is formed are different. And this is when we are supposedly
speaking the same language! It is even more problematic when we try to translate across languages.</div>
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<div dir="ltr">All the best,</div>
<div dir="ltr">Randy</div>
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<blockquote type="cite">On Jul 10, 2024, at 8:39 PM, Nigel Vincent <nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk> wrote:<br>
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Interesting - I'd have interpreted that ad to mean not 'central/prototype' but something more evaluative: 'the best you can get' or words to that effect. The picture doesn't look like what I would consider a prototype cookie (or biscuit, as I would say!).</div>
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Nigel</div>
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<div style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</div>
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<div style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px">Linguistics & English Language<br>
School of Arts, Languages and Cultures<br>
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<div style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px">The University of Manchester</div>
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<span style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px">https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html</span></div>
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<div id="x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Randy LaPolla via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 10 July 2024 2:23 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org> <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
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<div dir="ltr">Mira’s message reminded me of an English example where repetition narrows the term to central/prototype inferences:
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<div dir="ltr">In case the image doesn’t come out, it is the tag line on Pepperidge Farms’ Captiva cookie:</div>
<div dir="ltr">“If you’re going to have a cookie, have a <b>cookie</b>”</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Randy</div>
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<blockquote type="cite">On Jul 10, 2024, at 15:42, Mira Ariel via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:<br>
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Dear Francesca and others,</div>
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I'm curious to know if these prototypicalization morphemes sometimes evolve an intensifying function later. </div>
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Bardenstein and I have a paper in <i>Studies in</i> <i>Language </i>46:2 (2022), where we trace the evolution of a number of intensifiers. Lo and behold, they evolve from expressions which narrow the application of the term to its central/prototpycal instances.
Later on this narrower may evolve an intensifying function. We only discuss independent modifiers, but reduplication, even morphological one, can indicate intensification:</div>
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Hebrew:</div>
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<i>Yafe yafe </i></div>
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Beautiful beautiful </div>
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'Central concept of beautiful (not 'more or less beautiful')'/'Very beautiful' </div>
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<i>Yefe.fe </i>(lexical reduplication) </div>
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'Very beautiful' </div>
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Best,</div>
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Mira (Ariel)</div>
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<div id="x_x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Riccardo Giomi via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, July 9, 2024 9:07 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
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Dear Francesca (and all),</div>
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Leti (Austronesian) has an "exactness" marker -- which again, actually appears to be a clitic, but anyway:</div>
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a. <i>N-tivl=</i><b><i>e</i></b><i>.</i> b. <i>N-tivla.</i></li></ol>
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3.SG-flap=<b>EXCT </b>3.SG-flap</div>
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‘It flaps.’ ‘It sort of flaps.’</div>
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(2) a. <i>vuar=lalavn=</i><b><i>e</i></b> b. <i>vuar=lalavn</i></div>
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big=mountain=<b>EXCT</b> big=mountain</div>
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‘a big mountain’ ‘a sort of a big mountain’</div>
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van Engelenhoven, Aone, 2004. <i>Leti, a Language of Southwest Maluku </i>(Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 211). KITLV Press, Leiden.</div>
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Best wishes,</div>
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Riccardo</div>
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<div style="font-size:11pt; color:rgb(23,78,134)">Riccardo Giomi</div>
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Assistant Professor of Functional Linguistics</div>
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University of Amsterdam</div>
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Faculty of Humanities: Department of Linguistics</div>
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Spuistraat 134, 1012 VB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</div>
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<div id="x_x_x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 09 July 2024 19:44<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
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<div>Dear Francesca,<br>
<br>
Cabecar (Chibchan) has a a formative <i>sí̱</i> with a twofold distribution:<br>
<br>
a) As a derivational suffix on nouns, it means 'authentic', 'prototypical':<br>
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<li>
<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-top:0.21cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<a name="x_x_x_x__Ref392863461"></a><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">a. chíchi-sí̱</font></font></p>
</li></ol>
<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">dog-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">auth</span></font></font></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘authentic dog’</font></p>
<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; margin-top:0.21cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">b. ju-sí̱</font></font></p>
<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">house-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">auth</span></font></font></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘authentic/real/legitimate house (i.e. traditional Cabecar house)’</font></p>
b) As an enclitic on adjectives, it means 'comparatively':<br>
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<li>
<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-top:0.21cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<a name="x_x_x_x__Ref392862889"></a><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">a. báá=sí̱</font></font></p>
</li></ol>
<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">nice=<span style="font-variant:small-caps">cmpr</span></font></font></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘comparatively/truly nice’<br>
</font></p>
<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; margin-top:0.21cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">b. daláá=sí̱</font></font></p>
<p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">yellow=<span style="font-variant:small-caps">cmpr</span></font></font></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘genuinely yellow’</font></p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_paragraph-w-lead">It fulfills this latter function in comparative constructions, too.</p>
<p class="x_x_x_x_paragraph-w-lead">Best, Christian<br>
</p>
<div class="x_x_x_x_moz-signature">-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
<table style="font-size:80%">
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<td>+49/361/2113417</td>
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<td><a class="x_x_x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.christianlehmann.eu/__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!Dc5B3RGgs9CwKb_HPO365SAFRXwA7GEwDM7386bdhfSqmL0-MWBa7VFnxqlSZY_CISTmbETs_J9ra_VBnE5f1tdqEw3hk71U4cNPeQ$" originalsrc="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/" shash="mdcV9CKtD1scDOMZkup/aoQauF+X1KBOLTwGIPx56Q4yrw5r5GO2iyEgVHktiVU+MUhbj5OGHiO9OGTAK4eKeL8kVOhc/xjzE8C2TyUZfKaXvTps1gLbvqsHoq5NryKiLqclEh/NpFCyj8iVMo6AdmC/CCPBQegjQDvp4N0nerY=">https://www.christianlehmann.eu
[christianlehmann.eu]</a></td>
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