<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">Hi again Mira,<div>A more exact natural example of what you are talking about was used by Larry Horn teaching Pragmatics many years ago: At an LSA conference someone got ill, so one person got up on stage and asked the attendees “Is there a doctor in the house?” and half the audience raised their hands. The person then said, “No, a <b>doctor</b> doctor!”</div><div><br id="lineBreakAtBeginningOfMessage"><div>Randy</div><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On 10 Jul 2024, at 8:55 PM, Mira Ariel <mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div>
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<div style="direction: ltr;">Dear Nigel,</div>
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<div style="direction: ltr;">Yes, this is the trajectory Bardenstein and Ariel talk about. Better think of “a cookie cookie”. That can have both prototypical and intensified meanings.</div>
<div style="direction: ltr;">Mira</div>
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<blockquote type="cite">On 10 Jul 2024, at 15:40, Nigel Vincent via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:<br>
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Interesting - I'd have interpreted that ad to mean not 'central/prototype' but something more evaluative: 'the best you can get' or words to that effect. The picture doesn't look like what I would consider a prototype cookie (or biscuit, as I would say!).</div>
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Nigel</div>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</div>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">Linguistics & English Language<br>
School of Arts, Languages and Cultures<br>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">The University of Manchester</div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html</span></div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Randy LaPolla via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 10 July 2024 2:23 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org> <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
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<div dir="ltr">Mira’s message reminded me of an English example where repetition narrows the term to central/prototype inferences:
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<div dir="ltr">In case the image doesn’t come out, it is the tag line on Pepperidge Farms’ Captiva cookie:</div>
<div dir="ltr">“If you’re going to have a cookie, have a <b>cookie</b>”</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Randy</div>
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<blockquote type="cite">On Jul 10, 2024, at 15:42, Mira Ariel via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:<br>
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Dear Francesca and others,</div>
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I'm curious to know if these prototypicalization morphemes sometimes evolve an intensifying function later. </div>
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Bardenstein and I have a paper in <i>Studies in</i> <i>Language </i>46:2 (2022), where we trace the evolution of a number of intensifiers. Lo and behold, they evolve from expressions which narrow the application of the term to its central/prototpycal instances.
Later on this narrower may evolve an intensifying function. We only discuss independent modifiers, but reduplication, even morphological one, can indicate intensification:</div>
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Hebrew:</div>
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<i>Yafe yafe </i></div>
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Beautiful beautiful </div>
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'Central concept of beautiful (not 'more or less beautiful')'/'Very beautiful' </div>
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<i>Yefe.fe </i>(lexical reduplication) </div>
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'Very beautiful' </div>
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Best,</div>
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Mira (Ariel)</div>
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<div id="x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Riccardo Giomi via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, July 9, 2024 9:07 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
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Dear Francesca (and all),</div>
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Leti (Austronesian) has an "exactness" marker -- which again, actually appears to be a clitic, but anyway:</div>
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a. <i>N-tivl=</i><b><i>e</i></b><i>.</i> b. <i>N-tivla.</i></li></ol>
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3.SG-flap=<b>EXCT </b>3.SG-flap</div>
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‘It flaps.’ ‘It sort of flaps.’</div>
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(2) a. <i>vuar=lalavn=</i><b><i>e</i></b> b. <i>vuar=lalavn</i></div>
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big=mountain=<b>EXCT</b> big=mountain</div>
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‘a big mountain’ ‘a sort of a big mountain’</div>
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van Engelenhoven, Aone, 2004. <i>Leti, a Language of Southwest Maluku </i>(Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 211). KITLV Press, Leiden.</div>
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Best wishes,</div>
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Riccardo</div>
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<div style="font-size:11pt; color:rgb(23,78,134)">Riccardo Giomi</div>
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Assistant Professor of Functional Linguistics</div>
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University of Amsterdam</div>
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Faculty of Humanities: Department of Linguistics</div>
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<div id="x_x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 09 July 2024 19:44<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
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<div>Dear Francesca,<br>
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Cabecar (Chibchan) has a a formative <i>sí̱</i> with a twofold distribution:<br>
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a) As a derivational suffix on nouns, it means 'authentic', 'prototypical':<br>
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<li><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-top:0.21cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<a name="x_x_x__Ref392863461"></a><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">a. chíchi-sí̱</font></font></p>
</li></ol><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">dog-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">auth</span></font></font></p><p class="x_x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘authentic dog’</font></p><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; margin-top:0.21cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">b. ju-sí̱</font></font></p><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">house-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">auth</span></font></font></p><p class="x_x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘authentic/real/legitimate house (i.e. traditional Cabecar house)’</font></p>
b) As an enclitic on adjectives, it means 'comparatively':<br>
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<li><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-top:0.21cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<a name="x_x_x__Ref392862889"></a><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">a. báá=sí̱</font></font></p>
</li></ol><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">nice=<span style="font-variant:small-caps">cmpr</span></font></font></p><p class="x_x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘comparatively/truly nice’<br>
</font></p><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; margin-top:0.21cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">b. daláá=sí̱</font></font></p><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="page-break-inside:avoid; margin-left:1.27cm; page-break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">yellow=<span style="font-variant:small-caps">cmpr</span></font></font></p><p class="x_x_x_ex-translation"><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘genuinely yellow’</font></p><p class="x_x_x_paragraph-w-lead">It fulfills this latter function in comparative constructions, too.</p><p class="x_x_x_paragraph-w-lead">Best, Christian<br>
</p>
<div class="x_x_x_moz-signature">-- <br><p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
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