<div dir="ltr">Evaluative morphology expressing 'authentivity/protypicality<div><br></div><div>Dear All,</div><div>here's a fragment of article I'm writing that concerns reduplication</div><div><br></div><div><<<span style="color:rgb(112,48,160);font-size:14pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The iteration /reduplication [...] can also have morphological functions such as plural
formation (= ex. (1)), a distributive function(= ex. (2)), an intensifying
function (= examples (3) and (4)), or have particular semantic values such as the
so-called ‘echo reduplication’, as in (5), etc.:</span><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="" style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span class="gmail-MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;vertical-align:super"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span class="gmail-MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(112,48,160)">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 53.25pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">(1)<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-kerning:auto;font-feature-settings:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Indonesian
<i>buku buku</i> “books” (Stolz 2003: 18)</span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 53.25pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">(2)<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-kerning:auto;font-feature-settings:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Malti
<i>bieb bieb</i> lit. door door, i.e. “from
door to door” (Stolz 2006a: 119)</span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 53.25pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">(3)<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-kerning:auto;font-feature-settings:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">It. <i>un
caffè caffè </i> “a real, good coffee”
(Stolz 2003: 36; Ramat 2019: 151)</span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 53.25pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">(4)<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-kerning:auto;font-feature-settings:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Emmi
(Western Daly) <i>dukandji “</i>big“ </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">~</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"> <i>dukduk</i>
“very big” (Louagie 2023: 555)</span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"> (5) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Turkish <b><i>dergi mergi</i></b><i> okumuyor </i></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 53.25pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"> Newspapers M:ECHO read:NEG:PRES </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 53.25pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">“(s)he does not read newspapers and the like’ (Stolz
2018: 248).</span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 5.65pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"> </span></p>
<div><br clear="all">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="gmail-MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(112,48,160)"><span class="gmail-MsoFootnoteReference" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;vertical-align:super"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Grandi (2017: 77) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">writes: «According to Medici (1959a: 84), the aim of a
reduplicated construction such as <i>caffè caffè </i>(‘coffee coffee’ [= our
ex. (3)], P.Rt.) is “affermare […] la pienezza delle qualità inerenti [alla
base]” (‘to state the fullness / completeness of the qualities of the base
word’). In other words, the primary function of reduplication would be to
identify the prototype of a concept, its default value. If evaluative
morphology (which includes intensification) encodes a deviation from a standard
or from a default meaning, if its peculiar function is that of assigning a
value which is different from that of the ‘standard / default’ to a concept,
reduplication primarily expresses a full identification of an item with its
standard image. It identifies the best exemplar of a class».
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"> A
good overview of the multifarious functions of RED </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">can be obtained when looking into the subject index of van Lier 2023:
1087, s.v. ‘reduplication’. Generally speaking, we can say that RED is a
widespread strategy in the world’s languages to express many related functions (see
Fedriani 2017: 147).</span><span lang="FR"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Refernces:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%">Grandi, Nicola. 2017. Intensification processes in Italian. In Maria Napoli
& Miriam Ravetto (eds.), 55-75.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%">Louagie, Dana. 2023. Word
Classes in Australian Languages. </span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%">In Eva Van Lier (ed.), 544-571</span><br></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%"></span></span></span></p><p class="gmail-MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Ramat, Paolo, 2019.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Tautologia e/o reduplicazione. <i>Rivista Italiana di Linguistica e Dialettologia,</i>
147-156.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%">Stolz,
Thomas. 2003. A new Mediterraneism. Word iteration in areal perspective. </span><i><span lang="DE" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%">Mediterranean Language
Review </span></i><span lang="DE" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%">15,
1-47.</span></span></span></p><p class="gmail-MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Stolz, Thomas. 2006a. (Wort-)Iteration:
(k)eine universelle Konstruktion. In Kerstin Fischer & </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%">
</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;color:rgb(112,48,160)"> Anatol Stefanowitsch (Hsgb.), <i>Konstruktionsgrammatik.
Von der Anwendung zur Theorie</i>: 105-132.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;color:rgb(112,48,160)">T</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;color:rgb(112,48,160)">ü</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;color:rgb(112,48,160)">bingen: Stauffenburg. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Stolz, Thomas. 2018. (Non-)Canonical
reduplication. In Anna Urdze (ed.), <i>Non-Prototypical
Reduplication</i> ("Studia
Typologica"22), 201-277. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%;color:rgb(112,48,160)">De Gruyter Mouton: Berlin 2018.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(112,48,160);font-size:12pt">Van Lier,
Eva (ed., 2023), </span><i style="color:rgb(112,48,160);font-size:12pt">The Oxford Handbook of
Word Classes. </i><span style="color:rgb(112,48,160);font-size:12pt">Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12pt;line-height:107%"><br></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Best ,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">P.Rt.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(112,48,160)">Addendum: see also </span><i style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Éllēnas</span></i><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> <i>Éllēnas</i>
“a true Greek man” (</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt">Kallergi,
Haritini. 2015. <i>Total Reduplication as a category of expressives:
(Counter)evidence from Modern
Greek. </i></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt">Benjamins</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:16pt"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;line-height:normal;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:16pt">Paolo Ramat</span></p></div></div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)"><div>Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Socio corrispondente<br><div>'Academia Europaea'</div><div>'Societas Linguistica Europaea', Honorary Member</div></div><div><div>Università di Pavia (retired)</div><div>Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)</div></div><div><br></div></div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia</div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">##39 0382 27027</div><div style="color:rgb(34,34,34)">347 044 98 44</div></div></div></div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno ven 12 lug 2024 alle ore 02:40 Mark Donohue via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> ha scritto:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Don't forget<div><br></div><div><p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);margin:0px"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Jila Ghomeshi, Ray Jackendoff, Nicole Rosen and Kevin Russell. 2004. </span><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 22 (2):</span><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"> 307-357.</span></p></div><div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, 12 Jul 2024 at 09:48, Pin Wang via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><span style="font-size:14px">Hi Randy,</span><div><span style="font-size:14px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:14px">I’d like to add an example: When chairing your talk at our 2018 language typology forum (University of Sydney), Prof Christian Matthiessen introduced you as a ‘linguist linguist’ ;-)</span></div><div><span style="font-size:14px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size:14px">Pin</span></div><div><span style="font-size:14px"><br></span><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On 12 Jul 2024, at 2:26 am, Randy J. LaPolla via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:</div><br><div><div>Hi again Mira,<div>A more exact natural example of what you are talking about was used by Larry Horn teaching Pragmatics many years ago: At an LSA conference someone got ill, so one person got up on stage and asked the attendees “Is there a doctor in the house?” and half the audience raised their hands. The person then said, “No, a <b>doctor</b> doctor!”</div><div><br id="m_-3622466554808983954m_3577347525578179475lineBreakAtBeginningOfMessage"><div>Randy</div><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On 10 Jul 2024, at 8:55 PM, Mira Ariel <<a href="mailto:mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il" target="_blank">mariel@tauex.tau.ac.il</a>> wrote:</div><br><div>
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<div style="direction:ltr">Dear Nigel,</div>
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</div>
<div style="direction:ltr">Yes, this is the trajectory Bardenstein and Ariel talk about. Better think of “a cookie cookie”. That can have both prototypical and intensified meanings.</div>
<div style="direction:ltr">Mira</div>
<div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPhone</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
<blockquote type="cite">On 10 Jul 2024, at 15:40, Nigel Vincent via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br>
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Interesting - I'd have interpreted that ad to mean not 'central/prototype' but something more evaluative: 'the best you can get' or words to that effect. The picture doesn't look like what I would consider a prototype cookie (or biscuit, as I would say!).</div>
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Nigel</div>
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<div id="m_-3622466554808983954m_3577347525578179475Signature">
<div style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</div>
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</div>
<div style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px">Linguistics & English Language<br>
School of Arts, Languages and Cultures<br>
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<div style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px">The University of Manchester</div>
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<span style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px"><a href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html" target="_blank">https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html</a></span></div>
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<div id="m_-3622466554808983954m_3577347525578179475divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Randy LaPolla via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 10 July 2024 2:23 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
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<div dir="ltr">Mira’s message reminded me of an English example where repetition narrows the term to central/prototype inferences:
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<div dir="ltr">In case the image doesn’t come out, it is the tag line on Pepperidge Farms’ Captiva cookie:</div>
<div dir="ltr">“If you’re going to have a cookie, have a <b>cookie</b>”</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Randy</div>
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<blockquote type="cite">On Jul 10, 2024, at 15:42, Mira Ariel via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br>
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Dear Francesca and others,</div>
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I'm curious to know if these prototypicalization morphemes sometimes evolve an intensifying function later. </div>
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Bardenstein and I have a paper in <i>Studies in</i> <i>Language </i>46:2 (2022), where we trace the evolution of a number of intensifiers. Lo and behold, they evolve from expressions which narrow the application of the term to its central/prototpycal instances.
Later on this narrower may evolve an intensifying function. We only discuss independent modifiers, but reduplication, even morphological one, can indicate intensification:</div>
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Hebrew:</div>
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<i>Yafe yafe </i></div>
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Beautiful beautiful </div>
<div style="font-family:Aptos,Aptos_EmbeddedFont,Aptos_MSFontService,Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
'Central concept of beautiful (not 'more or less beautiful')'/'Very beautiful' </div>
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<br>
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<i>Yefe.fe </i>(lexical reduplication) </div>
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'Very beautiful' </div>
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<br>
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Best,</div>
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Mira (Ariel)</div>
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<hr style="display:inline-block;width:98%">
<div id="m_-3622466554808983954m_3577347525578179475x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Riccardo Giomi via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, July 9, 2024 9:07 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
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</div>
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Dear Francesca (and all),</div>
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<br>
</div>
<div style="font-family:Aptos,Aptos_EmbeddedFont,Aptos_MSFontService,Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
Leti (Austronesian) has an "exactness" marker -- which again, actually appears to be a clitic, but anyway:</div>
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<br>
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<ol start="1" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">
<li style="font-family:Aptos,Aptos_EmbeddedFont,Aptos_MSFontService,Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
a. <i>N-tivl=</i><b><i>e</i></b><i>.</i> b. <i>N-tivla.</i></li></ol>
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3.SG-flap=<b>EXCT </b>3.SG-flap</div>
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‘It flaps.’ ‘It sort of flaps.’</div>
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(2) a. <i>vuar=lalavn=</i><b><i>e</i></b> b. <i>vuar=lalavn</i></div>
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big=mountain=<b>EXCT</b> big=mountain</div>
<div style="font-family:Aptos,Aptos_EmbeddedFont,Aptos_MSFontService,Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
‘a big mountain’ ‘a sort of a big mountain’</div>
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<br>
</div>
<div style="font-family:Aptos,Aptos_EmbeddedFont,Aptos_MSFontService,Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt">
van Engelenhoven, Aone, 2004. <i>Leti, a Language of Southwest Maluku </i>(Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 211). KITLV Press, Leiden.</div>
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Best wishes,</div>
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Riccardo</div>
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<br>
</div>
<div id="m_-3622466554808983954m_3577347525578179475x_x_Signature">
<div style="font-size:11pt;color:rgb(23,78,134)">Riccardo Giomi</div>
<div style="font-size:11pt;color:rgb(23,78,134)">
Assistant Professor of Functional Linguistics</div>
<div style="font-size:11pt;color:rgb(23,78,134)">
University of Amsterdam</div>
<div style="font-size:11pt;color:rgb(23,78,134)">
Faculty of Humanities: Department of Linguistics</div>
<div style="font-size:11pt;color:rgb(23,78,134)">
Spuistraat 134, 1012 VB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</div>
</div>
<div id="m_-3622466554808983954m_3577347525578179475x_x_appendonsend"></div>
<hr style="display:inline-block;width:98%">
<div id="m_-3622466554808983954m_3577347525578179475x_x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 09 July 2024 19:44<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Evaluative morphology expressing "authenticity/prototypicality"</font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div>Dear Francesca,<br>
<br>
Cabecar (Chibchan) has a a formative <i>sí̱</i> with a twofold distribution:<br>
<br>
a) As a derivational suffix on nouns, it means 'authentic', 'prototypical':<br>
<ol>
<li><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid">
<a name="m_-3622466554808983954_m_3577347525578179475_x_x_x__Ref392863461"></a><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">a. chíchi-sí̱</font></font></p>
</li></ol><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">dog-<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal">auth</span></font></font></p><p><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘authentic dog’</font></p><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid">
<font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">b. ju-sí̱</font></font></p><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">house-<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal">auth</span></font></font></p><p><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘authentic/real/legitimate house (i.e. traditional Cabecar house)’</font></p>
b) As an enclitic on adjectives, it means 'comparatively':<br>
<ol>
<li><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid">
<a name="m_-3622466554808983954_m_3577347525578179475_x_x_x__Ref392862889"></a><font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">a. báá=sí̱</font></font></p>
</li></ol><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">nice=<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal">cmpr</span></font></font></p><p><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘comparatively/truly nice’<br>
</font></p><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-top:0.21cm;break-after:avoid">
<font color="#008000"><font face="Cambria, serif">b. daláá=sí̱</font></font></p><p lang="zxx" align="left" style="break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;break-after:avoid">
<font face="Cambria, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt">yellow=<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal">cmpr</span></font></font></p><p><font face="Cambria, serif"> ‘genuinely yellow’</font></p><p>It fulfills this latter function in comparative constructions, too.</p><p>Best, Christian<br>
</p>
<div>-- <br><p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal">Deutschland</span></p>
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