<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Dear Zahra,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Mwotlap (Oceanic, Vanuatu) illustrates the shift from possession to definiteness.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">This is done through a morpheme <i style="font-weight:bold">nan</i>, which can be glossed "its": i.e. <i>nan</i> encodes a possessive relation between a noun (more precisely, an alienable noun) and a non-human possessor.</div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">It is thus the equivalent of English </font><i style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">its</i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> in <i style="">its title</i> - its battery - <i style="">its beginning</i>..</font><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">.</span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="monospace">(1) <i style="">ni-hiy <b>ne</b> mōmō → </i>ni-hiy <b style="">nan</b><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font size="1" face="monospace"> Art-bone GEN fish</font><i style="font-family:monospace"> → </i><span style="font-family:monospace;font-size:x-small"> </span><span style="font-family:monospace;font-size:x-small">Art-bone </span><span style="font-family:monospace;font-size:x-small"> <b>its</b></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “the bones of the fish” → “<b>its</b> bones”</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(2) <i>no-yot <b>ne</b> ēm̄ <font size="1"> </font>→ no-yot</i> <b>nan</b><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1" face="monospace"> Art-roof GEN house</font><i style="font-family:monospace"> → </i><span style="font-family:monospace;font-size:x-small">Art-roof </span><span style="font-family:monospace;font-size:x-small"> <b>its</b></span></div><div class="gmail_default"> “the roof of the house” → “<b>its</b> roof”</div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><i>ne</i> is a genitive linker “of N” (for alienable nouns possessed by a non-human possessor); <br><i>nan</i> is its anaphoric counterpart, from *na-n <GEN-3sg> “of it”.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">When the possessor is [+human], a different possessive particle is used (<i>nonon</i>):</div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(3) ni-hiy <b style="">nan</b><i> </i>//<i> </i>ni-hiy <b>nonon</b><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1" face="monospace"> Art-bone its</font><i style="font-family:monospace"> </i><span style="font-family:monospace;font-size:x-small">Art-bone </span><span style="font-family:monospace;font-size:x-small"> <b>his/her</b></span></div><div class="gmail_default"> “
<b>its</b> bones” “<b>his</b>/<b>her</b> bones”</div></div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">Now, the form <i><b>nan</b></i> has grammaticalized into what I call an associative marker "of it / related to it":</div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><br class="gmail-Apple-interchange-newline">(4) No mal et ni-vidio <b>nan</b></font><span style="font-family:monospace">.</span><font face="monospace"><br></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1" face="monospace"> 1sg CPLT see Art-movie Assoc</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “I've seen the movie (based on that book).”</div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><br class="gmail-Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="direction:ltr"><font face="monospace">(5) Nok qoyo vap hiy n-et <b>nan</b></font>.</div></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1" face="monospace"> 1sg FUT say DAT Art-person Assoc</font></div><div class="gmail_default"> “I will tell the person in charge (of those matters).”</div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div></div></div></div></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Cf. research by </font><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378216698000721" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Kleiber (1999)</a><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> and </font><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378216698000708" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Charolles (1999)</a><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> on the useful notion of “associative anaphora” </font><br><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">--- around such examples as {</font><font face="georgia, serif"><u>A letter</u> was awaiting Sherlock Holmes. <u><b style="">The</b> envelope</u> was crumbled</font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">.}</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">___________</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Finally, the next step for <a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Mwotlap/n.htm#%E2%93%94nan">Mwotlap <i>nan</i></a> has been to grammaticalize into a simple anaphoric:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><div style="direction:ltr"><font face="monospace">(6) </font>Kē ni-tēy n-ēm̄ vitwag se. N-ēm̄ <b>nan</b> nu-su ēwē.</div></font></div><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1" face="monospace"> 3sg AO-build Art-house one again Art-house Anaph Stat-small RESTR</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="direction:ltr"> “So he built a second house. <b>That</b> house (in question) was very small.”</div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="monospace" style=""><div style="direction:ltr"><font face="monospace" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></font></div><div style="direction:ltr">(7) Tō ikē ni-sese n-eh. Tō n-eh <b>nan</b> qele gēn: </div></font><span style="font-family:monospace;font-size:x-small"> then 3sg AO-sing Art-song then Art-song Anaph like DX</span><font face="monospace" style=""><div style="direction:ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="direction:ltr"> “So he started singing a song. <b>The</b> song (in question) went like this:”</div></div><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><br class="gmail-Apple-interchange-newline"></font></div></div></div></div></div>(8) Tō na-vap t-am̄ag <b>nan</b> ni-bah hōw gēn.</div></font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="1" face="monospace"> then Art-word from-past Anaph AO-end down DX</font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;direction:ltr"> “And this is the end of <b>the</b> story.”</div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In sum, a phrase like <i>n-ēm̄ nan</i> has 3 readings in Mwotlap:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><ul><li><b>possessive </b>phrase: “its house” (e.g. of the dog / of the pig / of the firewood…)</li><li><b>associative </b>phrase: “the house for those things” (e.g. if I mention beer-drinking → the house where this typically happens)</li><li><b>anaphoric </b>phrase: “the (aforementioned) house”</li></ul></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I described this in my <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm#01">grammar of Mwotlap</a>: </div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><ul style=""><li style=""><font face="georgia, serif">François, Alexandre. 2001. Contraintes de structures et liberté dans l'organisation du discours. Une description du mwotlap, langue océanienne du Vanuatu [<i style="">Structural constraints and freedom in speech elaboration: A description of Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu</i>]. Doctoral thesis in Linguistics, Université Paris-IV Sorbonne. 3 volumes.</font></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">See especially <a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_These_DescriptionMwotlap.pdf#page=574">pp. 573–580</a>.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Alex</div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:13.33px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><font size="2"><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex François</span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></span></font></p><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CNRS–</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ENS</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none">–</span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.psl.eu/en" rel="noopener" target="_blank">PSL</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none">–</span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br></span><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://researchprofiles.anu.edu.au/en/persons/alex-francois" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Australian National University</a></font><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><br></span></font></span></font></span><div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a><br></span></font></span></div><div><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___</font><br><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span></div></div></div></div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>From: <strong class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">Zahra Etebari Shekarsaraei via Lingtyp</strong> <span dir="auto"><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>></span><br>Date: Tue, 16 Jul 2024 at 14:53<br>Subject: [Lingtyp] Discourse functions of possessive markers<br>To: <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br></div><br><br><div class="msg7279102160355585908">
<div lang="SV" link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72">
<div class="m_7279102160355585908WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Dear all,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">I am preparing a dataset for development of discourse functions in possessive/personal markers cross-linguistically. I am particularly interested in constructions (relevant examples below) where
a possessive/personal marker is used not to convey possession or refer to another item, but to denote functions such as definiteness, topicality, emphasis or contrast.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Definiteness<u></u><u></u></span></u></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="a">
<li class="m_7279102160355585908MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:0in">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%">Kútip turǵan <b>adamı</b> kelmedi. [Karakalpak]<u></u><u></u></span></li></ol>
<p class="m_7279102160355585908MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%">The person</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%"> he/she has been waiting for did not come.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="m_7279102160355585908MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%">(Utepovich 2023: 80)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="m_7279102160355585908MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:106%"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Contrast<u></u><u></u></span></u></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0in" start="2" type="a">
<li class="m_7279102160355585908MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;text-autospace:none">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Ulizy-vylizy kyk bratjos,
<b>pokći-ez</b> [Udmurt]<u></u><u></u></span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> lived-were.3SG two brothers
<b>younger.brother-3SG</b><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> kuaner,
<b>byȝym-ez</b> uzyr.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> Poor
<b>older.brother-3SG</b> rich<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> There lived two brothers, the younger one was poor, the older one was rich.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> (Serebrennikov 1963: 133)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">So far, I have collected cases from over 60 language varieties spanning
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">U</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">ralic (Ugric, Permic, Mari, Mordvin, Samoyed), Altaic (Turkic, Tungusic, Mongolic), Indo-European (Iranic), Afro-Asiatic (Semitic), and Austronesian (Javanese,
Malay) families. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">If you have encountered similar uses in a language you work on or i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">f you are aware of any lesser-known source on this topic, especially non-English
sources, I would be extremely grateful if you could share them with me.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Many thanks for your time!<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Best wishes,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Zahra<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">References:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Serebrennikov, Boris A. 1963.
<i>Istoriceskaja Morfologija Permskix Jazykov</i> [Historical morphology of the Permic languages].
<span style="color:black">Moscow: </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;background:white">Izdateľstvo AN SSSR</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Utepovich, Bekbergenov H. 2023. Semantic peculiarities of the possessive affixes in the Karakalpak language and their equivalents in English.
<i>Journal of Advanced Linguistic Studies</i>. 10(2). 64-82.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Zahra Etebari<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Postdoctoral researcher<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Department of Linguistics and Philology<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Uppsala University<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Thunbergsvägen 3H, Box 635<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">75126 Uppsala, Sweden<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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