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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear Michael and all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">What you are referring to is similar to the function that is quite common in Ugric and Samoyed 2<sup>nd</sup> person possessives. Nikolaeva (2003) calls it “linking to the speech setting” which she distinguishes from
definiteness. Here are some lines from her work (Nikolaeva 2003: 7):</span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">The 2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">nd
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">person possessive has a different function. It may indicate that the speaker<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">somehow pragmatically associates the listener and the referent of the corresponding noun. […] For example, the Ostyak sentence 15a can
be produced when the speaker and the addressee look at several moving cars. The speaker wants to refer to one of these cars and uses the word car with the 2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">nd
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">person possessive affix, although the car does<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">not belong to the listener in any way. The reason for using the possessive suffix is that the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">speaker intends to call the attention of the listener to the car. Basically the car is “yours”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">because “I am talking to you about it”. So the possessive affix indicates that in the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">consciousness of the speaker the listener and the car are pragmatically linked.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">(15) a. Wanta t</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:TTE1703090t00">_</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">m
mašinaj-en jowra m</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:TTE1703090t00">_</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">n</span><span style="font-family:TTE189BD70t00">_</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">s.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">[Ostyak]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif"> See this car-2SG awry went.3SG<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif"> Look, that car went awry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times-Roman",serif">[…] they express a pragmatic association between the respective referent and another entity. This apparently creates a special emotional
effect for the addressee.”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US">Nikolaeva, I. 2003. Possessive affixes in the pragmatic structuring of the utterance: evidence from Uralic. In P. M. Suihkonen and B. Comrie (eds.), International symposium on deictic systems
and quantification in languages spoken in Europe and North and Central Asia (Collection of papers), 130–145. Izhevsk and Leipzig: Udmurt State University and Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Zahra<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Michael Daniel <misha.daniel@gmail.com>
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, July 17, 2024 8:11 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Zahra Etebari Shekarsaraei <zahra.etebari@lingfil.uu.se>; list, typology <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Discourse functions of possessive markers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear Zahra, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I think I heard a variety of American English where "your" was used in a very much discourse way, literally on one NP out of three or four. I cannot describe the function properly (probably, supporting contact with the
interlocutor) and cannot place it regionally - maybe native speakers will help.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Michael Daniel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><br clear="all">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">--<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Михаил Даниэль<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Я</i><i> </i><i>осуждаю</i><i> </i><i>агрессию</i><i> </i>
<i>моей</i><i> </i><i>страны</i><i> </i><i>против</i><i> </i><i>Украины</i><i><span lang="EN-US">.</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Michael Daniel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US">I condemn my country's aggression in Ukraine.</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">вт, 16 июл. 2024 г. в 14:53, Zahra Etebari Shekarsaraei via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Dear all,</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">I am preparing a dataset for development of discourse functions in possessive/personal markers cross-linguistically. I am particularly
interested in constructions (relevant examples below) where a possessive/personal marker is used not to convey possession or refer to another item, but to denote functions such as definiteness, topicality, emphasis or contrast.
</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:.5in">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Definiteness</span></u><o:p></o:p></p>
<ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt">Kútip turǵan <b>adamı</b> kelmedi. [Karakalpak]</span><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
<p><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">The person</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> he/she has been waiting for did not come.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(Utepovich 2023: 80)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:.5in">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Contrast</span></u><o:p></o:p></p>
<ol start="2" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Ulizy-vylizy kyk bratjos,
<b>pokći-ez</b> [Udmurt]</span><o:p></o:p></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">lived-were.3SG two brothers
<b>younger.brother-3SG</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> kuaner,
<b>byȝym-ez</b> uzyr.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> Poor
<b>older.brother-3SG</b> rich</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> There lived two brothers, the younger one was poor, the older one was rich.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> (Serebrennikov 1963: 133)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">So far, I have collected cases from over 60 language varieties spanning Uralic (Ugric, Permic, Mari, Mordvin, Samoyed), Altaic (Turkic,
Tungusic, Mongolic), Indo-European (Iranic), Afro-Asiatic (Semitic), and Austronesian (Javanese, Malay) families. If you have encountered similar uses in a language you work on or if you are aware of any lesser-known source on this topic, especially non-English
sources, I would be extremely grateful if you could share them with me.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Many thanks for your time!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Best wishes,</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Zahra</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">References:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Serebrennikov, Boris A. 1963.
<i>Istoriceskaja Morfologija Permskix Jazykov</i> [Historical morphology of the Permic languages].
<span style="color:black">Moscow: <span style="background:white">Izdateľstvo AN SSSR</span>.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Utepovich, Bekbergenov H. 2023. Semantic peculiarities of the possessive affixes in the Karakalpak language and their equivalents in
English. <i>Journal of Advanced Linguistic Studies</i>. 10(2). 64-82.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Zahra Etebari</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Postdoctoral researcher</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Department of Linguistics and Philology</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Uppsala University</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Thunbergsvägen 3H, Box 635</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">75126 Uppsala, Sweden</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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