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<p>There is, incidentally, an interesting terminological question
concerning what we regard as "verbless/nonverbal". What about (1)
and (2), for example?</p>
<p>(1) <i>We have enough money.</i></p>
<p>(2) (German): <i>Auf dem Tisch liegt ein Buch</i> [on the table
lies a book] 'There is a book on the table'<br>
</p>
<p>Do predpossessive sentences like (1) generally fall under
"nonverbal predication", or only when they do not include a
"verb"? Is English "have" a verb in this sense? But what about
"copula verbs"? Aren't they "verbal", too?</p>
<p>And what should we say about existential clauses like (2) ('There
is a book on the table'), which commonly make use of posture
verbs, as in German? Are existential clauses sometimes "verbal"
and sometimes "verbless"?</p>
<p>It seems to me that the best way to define terms such as "verbal
predication", "existential clause", and "predpossessive clause" is
as construction-functions. By contrast, the terms "copula clause"
and "transpossessive construction" (= 'have' construction) are
best defined as construction-strategies.</p>
<p>(For the contrast between construction(-function)s and
(construction-)strategies, see Croft 2022, and my forthcoming
paper: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/007897">https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/007897</a>)</p>
<p>Thus, I would say that (1) and (2) are nonverbal (in a
comparative-concept perspective), even though from a
language-particular viewpoint, "have" is an English Verb, and
"liegen" is a German Verb.</p>
<p>Martin<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>On 08.08.24 19:30, Spike Gildea via Lingtyp wrote:</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">I would also
suggest:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListBullet">Mikkelsen, Line. 2011. Copular clauses.
In Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger, and Paul Portner
(eds.)
<i>Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language
Meaning,</i> volume 2, 1805–1829. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListBullet">Overall, Simon, Rosa Vallejos, &
Spike Gildea. 2018. Non-verbal predication in Amazonian
languages: Introduction.
<i>Nonverbal predication in Amazonian Languages</i>, ed. by
Simon Overall, Rosa Vallejos, & Spike Gildea, 1-49.
Typological Studies in Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListBullet">Pustet, Regina. 2003. <i>Copulas:
Universals in the categorization of the lexicon</i>. Oxford:
OxfordUniversity Press.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListBullet"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListBullet">And especially: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListBullet"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListBullet">Stassen, Leon. 1997. <i>Intransitive
Predication</i>. Oxford: OUP.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListBullet"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListBullet">Best,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListBullet">Spike<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span
style="color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="color:black">Lingtyp
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> on
behalf of Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, August 8, 2024 at 1:49</span><span
style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span
style="color:black">PM<br>
<b>To: </b><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] verbless predications<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dear Sergey,<br>
<br>
here are some references for nominal clauses:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Clairis, Christos & Chamoreau, Claudine &
Costaouec, Denis & Guérin, Françoise (eds.) 2005,
<i>Typologie de la syntaxe connective.</i> Rennes: Presses
Universitaires de Rennes (Rivages linguistiques).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hengeveld, Kees 1990, "Semantic
relations in non-verbal predications." Nuyts, Jan &
Bolkestein, A. Machtelt & Vet, Co (eds.),
<i>Layers and levels of representation in language theory.
A functional view.</i> Amsterdam & Philadelphia: J.
Benjamins; 101-122.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Hengeveld, Kees 1992, <i>Non-verbal predication. Theory,
typology, diachrony.</i> Berlin & New York: Mouton
de Gruyter.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Levin, Saul 1978, "Predication through an obligatory
copulative verb." <i>LACUS</i> 5:503-509.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Li, Charles N. & Thompson, Sandra A. 1977, "A
mechanism for the development of copula morphemes." Li,
Charles N. (ed.),
<i>Mechanisms of syntactic change.</i> Austin &
London: University of Texas Press; 419-444.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Penner, Zvi 1988, <i>The grammar of the nominal
sentence. A government-binding approach.</i> Bern:
Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität
(Arbeitspapier, 24).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Pernée, Lucien 1985, "La relation prédicative en grec:
phrase nominale et verbe être."
<i>Travaux du Cercle Linguistique d'Aix-en-Provence</i>
3:61-75.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Rapoport, Tova R. 1987, <i>Copular, nominal and small
clauses. A study of Israeli Hebrew.</i> Cambridge: MIT,
Department of Linguistics & Philosophy (Unpubl. PhD
dissertation).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Vapnarsky, Valentina 2013, "Is Yucatec Maya an
omnipredicative language? Predication, the copula and
focus constructions."
<i>Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung</i> 66:40-86.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Wetzer, Harrie 1992, "`Nouny' and `verby' adjectivals: a
typology of predicative adjectival constructions." Kefer,
Michel & Van der Auwera (eds.),
<i>Meaning and grammar. Cross-linguistic perspectives.</i>
Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter (Empirical
Approaches to Language Typology, 10); 223-262.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Wetzer, Harrie 1996, <i>The typology of adjectival
predication.</i> Berlin & New York: Mouton de
Gruyter (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology, 17).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>A topic different from this one are clauses which are
missing their verb. This is treated for Latin in<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Carvalho, Paulo de 1978, "Syntaxe et sémantique: verbe et
phrase en latin." <i>
Revue des Études Anciennes</i> 80:239-247.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">and for Russian in <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Wiemer, Björn 1996, "Klassifikacija nulevyx skazujemyx v
russkom jazyke po ix leksičeskim i referencial'nym
xarakteristikam."
<i>Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowańskiej</i>
33:245-273.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Best,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Christian<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
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<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/">https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/</a></pre>
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