<div>What about the (in)famous "irregardless" then?</div><div> </div><div>Best wishes,</div><div> </div><div>Peter</div><div> </div><div>19.08.2024, 17:04, "Jeremy Bradley via Lingtyp" <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org>:</div><blockquote><p>Mari (Uralic) has an interesting pair of adjectives using the fully productive privative derivational suffix <em>-dəme</em> '-less' here:</p><p><em>mučas-dəme</em><br />end-PRIV<br />'endless'</p><p><em>ńi-mučas-dəme</em><br />NEG-end-PRIV<br />'endless'</p><p>... with <em>ńi</em>- being a prefix most likely borrowed from Russian used to create negative indefinites (<em>molan </em>'why' > <em>ńimonal </em>'for no reason') and otherwise only attaching to pronominal stems.</p><p>Best,<br />Jeremy</p><p> </p><div>On 18/08/2024 22:11, Hartmut Haberland via Lingtyp wrote:</div><blockquote><div><p style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">I do not know if anybody has remarked on German <em>Untiefe</em> which actually has two opposite meanings:</span></p><p style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">1. a shallow part of a river or the sea, where the water is <em>not</em> deep, hence a danger for ships that might get stuck</span></p><p style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">2. an unfathomably deep part of a river (rarely) or the sea</span></p><p style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">This is what the dictionaries say. For me, <em>Untiefe</em> has mostly the first meaning, although some people might claim it is old-fashioned or even obsolete.</span></p><p style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">Hartmut Haberland</span></p><p style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt"> </span></p><div><div style="border-style:solid none none none;border-top-color:#e1e1e1;border-width:1pt medium medium medium;padding:3pt 0cm 0cm 0cm"><p style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><strong><span style="font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">Fra:</span></strong><span style="font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt"> Lingtyp <a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noopener noreferrer"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> <strong>På vegne af </strong>Volker Gast via Lingtyp<br /><strong>Sendt:</strong> 18. august 2024 21:25<br /><strong>Til:</strong> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noopener noreferrer">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br /><strong>Emne:</strong> Re: [Lingtyp] Expletive derivational negation</span></p></div></div><p style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"> </p><p>There are some further interesting examples of the German un-prefix on nouns:</p><p> </p><p>Un-mensch 'inhuman person'</p><p>Un-person 'persona non grata'</p><p>Un-ding 'something unheard of'</p><p>Un-zahl 'huge number' (cf. Un-menge)</p><p> </p><p>I had a look at Grimm's Wörterbuch, where I found some further examples that I was unaware of, e.g. Un-haufe 'un-heap', Un-masse 'un-mass'. Some of these words seem to be relatively old (16th cent.), others quite recent (and Unperson may have been influenced by G. Orwell's English coinage? It seems to have emerged in the middle of the 20th century in German, according to the DWDS).</p><p> </p><p>There's clearly an emotive component to all of these, and I think they all have a negative connotation. Some of the nouns seem to be formed on the model of the pattern</p><p> </p><p>'Some x that you cannot V (measure, count)' (cf. Stephane's comment)</p><p> </p><p>"Un-mensch" is perhaps the example that's closest to literal negation, 'someone who is not a human being'. Unding is mostly used for abstract entities, in my German, and more or less means 'scandal'.</p><p> </p><p>I think I would see these examples as instances of subjectification and specialization, as others have written or implied. The core meaning of 'un-' still survives in the negative evaluation (cf. Bastian). Btw I think that 'Un-menge' also has a negative evaluation. It's not just a large quantity -- it's a quantity that's TOO large, according to some standard.</p><p> </p><p>Best,<br />Volker</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><div><p style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm">Am 16.08.2024 um 14:18 schrieb ROBERT Stephane via Lingtyp:</p></div><blockquote style="margin-bottom:5pt;margin-top:5pt">
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">I
fully agree with Bastian which perhaps expresses more
clearly what I meant by “high degree”: subjective
evaluation pointing to an extreme degree
(indescribable, inexpressible), positive or negative
depending on the notion involved. </span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">To
take on this meaning, lexical negation must be
combined with a gradable (or scalar) notion. In the
case of nouns, this typically involves mass nouns,
such as Menge (crowd), Tiefe (depth) vs. Freiheit
(freedom).</span></p>
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<p><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">Stéphane</span></p>
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:</span></b><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">
Lingtyp
<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
de la part de Zingler, Tim via Lingtyp
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br />
<b>Envoyé :</b> vendredi 16 août 2024 14:15<br />
<b>À :</b> Bastian Persohn<br />
<b>Cc :</b> <a class="56221ecd4cd88a7e220fd42e552d23b7moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br />
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Expletive derivational
negation</span><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">
</span></p>
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<p><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">Well, the
point is that these words contain what
synchronically looks like a negator affix even
though that affix does not negate the stem. So,
they seem to qualify for the phenomenon the
original post was about. </span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">But I
like the idea that the function has shifted as
part of a subjectification (?) process. Does
that happen with negators cross-linguistically?</span></p>
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Best,</span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><b><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">Von:</span></b><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">
Bastian Persohn
<a href="mailto:persohn.linguistics@gmail.com"><persohn.linguistics@gmail.com></a><br />
<b>Gesendet:</b> Freitag, 16. August 2024
13:55<br />
<b>An:</b> Zingler, Tim<br />
<b>Cc:</b> <a class="56221ecd4cd88a7e220fd42e552d23b7moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br />
<b>Betreff:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Expletive
derivational negation</span><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">
</span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif"> </span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">I’m not
sure that <i>Untiefe</i> is synonymous with
<i>Tiefe</i>, or <i>Unmenge</i> with <i>Menge</i>.
In my intuition <i>Un-menge</i> has an
evaluative ring to it (‚an undesirably large
or over-the-top amount‘), and DWDS
translates it as ’sehr große, übergroße
Menge’ [very big, unnecessary big amount]’.
Similarly,
<i>Un-tiefe</i> usually refers to an extreme
depth (cf. DWDS: ‚abgrundartige, sehr große
Tiefe in einem Gewässer [abysm-like, very
large depth in a body of water]‘.
</span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">Their
closest relatives are probably found in
instances like <i>Un-fall</i> ‚accident‘
<
<i>Fall</i> ‚case‘, i.e. ‚the undesirable
case‘ or <i>Un-tier</i> ‚monster‘, lit
‚un-animal‘. What all these have in common
is a negative element, albeit in the
subjective rather than the material
domain.</span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">Best,</span></p>
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<blockquote style="margin-bottom:5pt;margin-top:5pt">
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">Am
16.08.2024 um 13:10 schrieb
Zingler, Tim via Lingtyp
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>:</span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif"> </span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">German has <i>Un-tiefe</i>,
which essentially means the
same as<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>Tiefe</i> 'depth'. Or<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>Un-menge</i>, largely
synonymous with<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>Menge</i> 'mass, crowd, great
amount.' These seem
perfectly analogous to<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>valuable-invaluable</i>.</span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif"> </span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">I'm sure
there's more, but I don't
know if that prefix is
cognate with the negator
found in, for instance,<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>Un-freiheit</i> 'unfreedom.'
So, there are probably
complications involved if
one were to analyze that
more seriously.</span></p>
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Best,</span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><b><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">Von:</span></b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt"> </span></span><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">Lingtyp
<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
im Auftrag von ROBERT
Stephane via Lingtyp
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br />
<b>Gesendet:</b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span>Freitag, 16. August 2024 11:48<br />
<b>An:</b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><a class="56221ecd4cd88a7e220fd42e552d23b7moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br />
<b>Betreff:</b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] Expletive
derivational negation</span><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif">
</span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">Dear
Joe,<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">Personally,
I do not regard these
uses of lexical
negation as expletive
but rather as
contributing a
construction with a
high-degree value that
can be paraphrased as
follows: 'this object
is (valuable) to a
degree that I
(speaker) cannot
(even) express', or '<b>no</b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span>matter how hard I try to estimate
how much X is P, I<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><b>can't</b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span>express it'(P for predicate).</span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"><br />
Note that in the
examples I can analyse
(Germanic, English and
also French '<i>in-estim-able</i>'),
this lexical negation
is combined with a
suffix (cf. Germ. -<i>bar</i>,
Eng. < Fr. -<i>able</i>)
which contributes to
the meaning of the
construction because
it expresses
evaluation about
capacity ‘which can be
P’ .</span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 12pt 0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">Best</span></p>
</div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">Stéphane
ROBERT
</span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"><a class="56221ecd4cd88a7e220fd42e552d23b7moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://llacan.cnrs.fr/">https://llacan.cnrs.fr</a></span></p>
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<div id="f2e387f28ef856c18dfa722bbcbb9bfadivRplyFwdMsg">
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><b><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">De
:</span></b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt"> </span></span><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">Lingtyp
<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
de la part de Hannu
Tommola via Lingtyp
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br />
<b>Envoyé :</b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span>vendredi 16 août 2024 11:03<br />
<b>À :</b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"><LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG></a>;
Pun Ho Lui<br />
<b>Objet :</b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] Expletive
derivational
negation</span><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">
</span></p>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black">Hi,</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black">there seems to be a tendency to lexicalize
'invaluable' in an
intensifying
non-negative
meaning (cf.
Russian<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>bes-cennyj</i> 'invaluable,
priceless', which
has an obsolete
meaning
'valueless' =<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>ne-cennyj</i>). This tendency
goes back to the
verb 'value' that
has, in various
languages, both
the meanings 1)
'estimate', 2)
'regard/estimate
highly'. Cf. also
German<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>un-schätzbar</i> 'invaluable'
<<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>schätzen</i> 1. 'to regard
highly, respect',
2. 'value,
estimate'; the
same applies to
Swedish<i>o-skattbar</i> <<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>(upp)skatta</i>.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black">Best wishes,</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black">Hannu Tommola</span></p>
</div>
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<hr align="center" size="2" width="1086" style="width:814.35pt" />
</span></div>
<div id="f2e387f28ef856c18dfa722bbcbb9bfadivRplyFwdMsg">
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><b><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">Lähettäjä:</span></b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt"> </span></span><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif;font-size:11pt">Lingtyp
<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
käyttäjän Pun Ho
Lui via Lingtyp
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a>
puolesta<br />
<b>Lähetetty:</b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span>perjantai 16. elokuuta 2024 3.22<br />
<b>Vastaanottaja:</b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"><LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG></a>
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br />
<b>Aihe:</b><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span>[Lingtyp] Expletive derivational
negation</span><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">
</span></p>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">Dear
linguists,
</span></p>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">I
am recently
interested in
lexical items
that consist of
a derivational
negative affix
which may not
contribute a
negative meaning
(i.e. being
expletive). </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">For
instance,<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>in-valuable</i><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span>~<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>valuable</i>. Other possible
examples would
be </span><span lang="JA" style="color:black;font-family:'ms gothic';font-size:10pt">無價</span><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">
‘invaluable
[lit. NEG value’
in Mandarin, and<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>sewashi-nai</i><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span>‘restless’ ~<span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span><i>sewashii</i><span class="3670b148840d486b2ad4e9294285bf9bapple-converted-space"> </span>‘busy’ in Japanese.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">I
have looked into
a number of
(decent) grammar
descriptions but
have no luck.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">I
am wondering if
you know of any
language with
similar items.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">Thank
you.</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">Warmest,</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'verdana' , sans-serif;font-size:10pt">Pun
Ho Lui Joe</span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;font-size:9pt">_______________________________________________<br />
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<p class="bd6ff683d8d0a42f228bf8a64b8551e1MsoNormal" style="font-family:'aptos' , sans-serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm"><span style="color:black;font-family:'calibri' , sans-serif"> </span></p>
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<pre style="font-family:'courier new';font-size:10pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm">_______________________________________________</pre>
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<pre style="font-family:'courier new';font-size:10pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm"><a class="56221ecd4cd88a7e220fd42e552d23b7moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></pre>
</blockquote></div> <pre style="font-family:'courier new';font-size:10pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm">_______________________________________________
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</pre></blockquote><pre style="font-family:'courier new';font-size:10pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 0cm">--
Jeremy Bradley, Ph.D.
University of Vienna
<a href="http://www.mari-language.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://www.mari-language.com</a>
<a href="mailto:jeremy.moss.bradley@univie.ac.at" rel="noopener noreferrer">jeremy.moss.bradley@univie.ac.at</a>
Office address:
Institut EVSL
Abteilung Finno-Ugristik
Universität Wien
Campus AAKH, Hof 7-2
Spitalgasse 2-4
1090 Wien
AUSTRIA
Mobile: +43-664-99-31-788
Skype: jeremy.moss.bradley</pre>,<p>_______________________________________________<br />Lingtyp mailing list<br /><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noopener noreferrer">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br /><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></p></blockquote><div> </div><div> </div><div>-- </div><div>Peter Arkadiev, PhD Habil.</div><div>https://peterarkadiev.github.io/</div><div> </div>