<div dir="auto">Ĺieber Christian, dear All ,<div dir="auto">yes, I think that ' volitive ' and 'optative ' are the adproprìate terms. However, sentence #1a is an imperative, directly involving an interlocutor ( or a plurality of interlocutors) , wheras #1b hasn't an addressee and consequently it is nearer than #1a to an optative/desiderative. The illocutionaŕy force of #1a seems to be stronger than that of #1b. </div><div dir="auto">Schoenste Gruesze .Paolo </div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il Dom 25 Ago 2024, 12:15 Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> ha scritto:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><u></u>
<div>
Dear colleagues,
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
since my master’s thesis (admittedly, a couple years ago), I have
been struggling with the manifestation of volition in grammar.
Please
consider the following contrast:</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
There is one type of utterances which communicate to the hearer
that
the speaker <u>wants</u> P. Like a command, they appeal to him to
see
to it that P be realized. This is explicit in (1a).</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
(1)(a) Please shut the window!</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US"> (b) The window should be shut.</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
In this sense, (1b) is an indirect speech act, but the type of
volition conveyed is the same. One might say that (1)(a) and (b)
share their illocutionary force.</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
<br>
</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
There is another type of utterances which express that the speaker
<u>wishes</u> P. They are exclamations which do not appeal to
anybody
for fulfillment of P:</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
(2)(a) If only Linda arrived in time!</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US"> (b) The devil take him!</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
Sentences of type #2 are introduced by <i>utinam</i> in Latin, <i>ojalá</i>
in Spanish, and so forth. Such particles are not used in sentences
of
type #1.</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
<br>
</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
Also, unfulfillable wishes (traditionally: irreal optative
sentences)
are fine and common as type #2, but in type #1 produce utterances
hard to interpret.</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
<br>
</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
Here are my questions to you:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US"> Is there an established conceptual and
terminological distinction between these two types? How about
(1) volitive and (2) optative?</p>
</li>
<li>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US"> Does type #2 have an illocutionary force? Do
exclamations have an illocutionary force?</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div>-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/Rudolfstr.+4+%0D%0A++++++++99092+Erfurt+%0D%0A+++++++++Deutschland?entry=gmail&source=g" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">Rudolfstr. 4</a><br><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/Rudolfstr.+4+%0D%0A++++++++99092+Erfurt+%0D%0A+++++++++Deutschland?entry=gmail&source=g" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">
99092 Erfurt</a><br><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/Rudolfstr.+4+%0D%0A++++++++99092+Erfurt+%0D%0A+++++++++Deutschland?entry=gmail&source=g" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">
</a><span style="font-variant:small-caps"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/Rudolfstr.+4+%0D%0A++++++++99092+Erfurt+%0D%0A+++++++++Deutschland?entry=gmail&source=g" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">Deutschland</a></span></p>
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