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Dear Christian,</div>
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An example of the second type is the English expression 'I wish!', which has become very common in recent years as a response to a desirable but counterfactual situation, e.g.</div>
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<div class="elementToProof">Will you be on holiday next week?</div>
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<div class="elementToProof">I wish!</div>
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And compare Italian <i>magari</i>.</div>
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Best</div>
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Nigel</div>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</div>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">Linguistics & English Language<br>
School of Arts, Languages and Cultures<br>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">The University of Manchester</div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html</span></div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 25 August 2024 12:14 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] optative sentences</font>
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<div>Dear colleagues,
<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm">since my master’s thesis (admittedly, a couple years ago), I have been struggling with the manifestation of volition in grammar. Please consider the following contrast:</p>
<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm">There is one type of utterances which communicate to the hearer that the speaker
<u>wants</u> P. Like a command, they appeal to him to see to it that P be realized. This is explicit in (1a).</p>
<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm">(1)(a) Please shut the window!</p>
<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm"> (b) The window should be shut.</p>
<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm">In this sense, (1b) is an indirect speech act, but the type of volition conveyed is the same. One might say that (1)(a) and (b) share their illocutionary force.</p>
<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm"><br>
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<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm">There is another type of utterances which express that the speaker
<u>wishes</u> P. They are exclamations which do not appeal to anybody for fulfillment of P:</p>
<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm">(2)(a) If only Linda arrived in time!</p>
<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm"> (b) The devil take him!</p>
<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm">Sentences of type #2 are introduced by
<i>utinam</i> in Latin, <i>ojalá</i> in Spanish, and so forth. Such particles are not used in sentences of type #1.</p>
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<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm">Also, unfulfillable wishes (traditionally: irreal optative sentences) are fine and common as type #2, but in type #1 produce utterances hard to interpret.</p>
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<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm">Here are my questions to you:</p>
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<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm">Is there an established conceptual and terminological distinction between these two types? How about (1) volitive and (2) optative?</p>
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<p class="x_western" lang="en-US" style="line-height:100%; margin-bottom:0cm">Does type #2 have an illocutionary force? Do exclamations have an illocutionary force?</p>
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<div class="x_moz-signature">-- <br>
<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
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<td>E-Post:</td>
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<td>Web:</td>
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