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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear colleagues,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">We invite submissions for the upcoming workshop on the linguistic consequences of intermarriage in the Americas (workshop description below), which will take place during the international Congress of Americanists in
Novi Sad, Serbia, between 30 June and 4 July 2025. Papers should be submitted through the website of the conference (</span><a href="https://ica2025.uns.ac.rs/submit/openconf.php?al=so"><span lang="EN-US">https://ica2025.uns.ac.rs/submit/openconf.php?al=so</span></a><span lang="EN-US">)
by creating an author account and uploading an abstract by <b>31 December 2024.</b> Each submission<b>
</b>must contain the following information: name and surname(s) of the author, email address, institution to which he/she belongs, curriculum profile no longer than half a page, title of the presentation and abstract with a maximum of 250 words with 5 keywords.
It is important that you mention in the comment field the title of the workshop and the names of the conveners, so that you can be associated to our workshop.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">More information about the call and the conference can be found here:
</span><a href="https://ica2025.uns.ac.rs/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ICA2025_Second-Call-FINAL-ENG.pdf"><span lang="EN-US">https://ica2025.uns.ac.rs/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/ICA2025_Second-Call-FINAL-ENG.pdf</span></a>
<span lang="EN-US">or contact Rik van Gijn (<a href="mailto:e.van.gijn@hum.leidenuniv.nl">e.van.gijn@hum.leidenuniv.nl</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">Workshop description (see also <a href="https://ica2025.uns.ac.rs/areas-tematicas/">
https://ica2025.uns.ac.rs/areas-tematicas/</a> - scroll down to 18 Lingüística y Traducción)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">The linguistic consequences of intermarriage in the Americas<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Conveners: Rik van Gijn, Peter Bakker, Anja Hasse<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Intermarriage, that is the marriage of two people originating from different ethnic, cultural, religious, or linguistic communities, is found in different parts of the world and of the Americas. This marriage practice
has “adaptive value because it links people into a wider social network that can nurture, provide for, and protect during times of need” (Vaughn 2010: 163). Intermarriage can lead to linguistic convergence and linguistic areas (Aikhenvald 2002, Mithun 2017,
Thomason 2023), to mixed languages (Bakker 2017), to genderlects (Bakker 2019) and ethnogenesis (Hornborg 2005, Hornborg & Eriksen 2011, Tiesler 2021), codeswitching and language shift. This symposium brings together specialists from different disciplines
to discuss different settings and diverse linguistic consequences of exogamy and (voluntary and involuntary) intermarriages. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Intermarriage practices can be institutionalized (such as in the Vaupes region in the Amazonas, cf. e.g. Aikhenvald</span><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/josl.12052#josl12052-bib-0001">
</a><span lang="EN-US">2002; Jackson</span><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/josl.12052#josl12052-bib-0041">
</a><span lang="EN-US">1974, 1983; Sorensen</span><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/josl.12052#josl12052-bib-0083">
</a><span lang="EN-US">1967) or occasional (such as among the Swiss German- and the Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking Amish in the US, cf. e.g. Hasse & Seiler 2023). Yet, we must assume a critical number of mixed marriages in the community in order to see more permanent
linguistic effects that can be found not only in these families, but also in a speech community. The marriages can be asymmetric (men A, women B) or symmetric (men A & B, women A & B).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The Americas present a particularly interesting picture, as it has been claimed for many areas in the Americas that mixed marriages (often institutionalized, but certainly common) has been part and parcel of the human
population history in the continent for a long time, and continues to be highly relevant until the present day. For prehistoric Amazonia, for instance, it has been claimed that ethnic identity and ethnogenesis should be understood in the context of exchange
systems based on regional specialization and alliances (Hornborg 2005, Londoño Sulkin 2017, Epps 2020). In many cases, particularly those involving Arawakan groups, this exchange system involved intermarriage or exogamy (Hornborg 2005). Intermarriage has also
been presented as an explanatory factor in the genesis of the linguistic areas of Northern California and the Northwest coast (Thomason 2023, Mithun 2023). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The clearest and best studied case of this is the exchange system of the içana-Vaupés area situated in the Colombian-Brazilian border area. This area is well known for its institutionalized linguistic exogamy between
Arawakan and East-Tukanoan groups, specifically between speakers of Tariana and Tukano, and the linguistic consequences of this system is the subject of several studies (Aikhenvald 2002, Fleming 2016, Chernela 2018). This relationship is characterized first
by a system of linguistic exogamy, combined with strict policies with respect to language choice and language use in the context of widespread and long-term multilingualism (Sorensen 1967; Epps and Stenzel 2013; Cayón and Chacon 2023). The systematic consequence
of this situation in the language structure is convergence at the abstract grammatical level without much lexical borrowing (Aikhenvald 2002), a pattern argued to be common throughout Amazonia (Bowern et al. 2011, Epps 2020), and taboos against lexical codeswitching.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Similar patterns are found in parts of North America, where “many neighboring languages show surprisingly few shared words, but extensive structural parallelisms” (Mithun 2020: 503). Although the intensity and nature
of contact between different groups can vary widely from one area to another, Mithun (2017) argues that, especially in areas of highly diverse, small-scale, dense populations “exogamy and multilingualism were often the norm”. This is particularly true for
northern California, which, like the north-west Amazon, is home to many different language families, showing a very fragmented linguistic ecology, coupled with relatively balanced power relations and ubiquitous multilingualism. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The linguistic effects of intermarriage in colonial settings have been described for various speech communities in the Americas. In these communities, intermarriages have increased linguistic diversity by leading to
the emergence of new languages. In Canada, intermarriages between indigenous women speaking Cree and French-speaking male fur traders ultimately lead to the development of a new so-called mixed language, Michif, combining features of Cree and of French (cf.
e.g. Bakker 2017). It has been argued that male speakers of Carib and female speakers of Arawak were responsible for the emergence of the mixed language Island Carib, and its subsequent genderlect in Garifuna. The Americas, especially the Circum-Caribbean
region, is home to dozens of new languages, with diverse ancestral lineages. Here too, intermarriages (Newman 2018) accelerated the genesis of so-called creole languages (cf. e.g. Faraclas 2012, Kihm 2011), characterized by predominantly colonial roots and
innovated grammatical systems. Some creole languages show significant lexical admixture, sometimes associated with population admixture.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">There are also intermarriages between various groups who are not native to the Americas. In these communities, intermarriages can either support or restrain linguistic diversity. In the Swiss Amish communities, linguistic
(but not religious) exogamy has been described as being one of the main factors contributing to the development of a new mixed language, Amish Shwitzer (e.g. Hasse & Seiler 2023), combining two Germanic varieties. Thus, exogamous patterns are attested across
different periods and different areas of the Americas. This workshop is a very first attempt to discuss linguistic consequences of these marriage practices, with input from other disciplines such as anthropology, history and genetics.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US">References</span></i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2002. <i>Language Contact in Amazonia</i>. Oxford Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Bakker, Peter. 1997. <i>"A Language of our Own". The Genesis of Michif – the Mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Bakker, Peter. 2017. “Typology of mixed languages.” In:
<i>The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Typology</i>, edited by A. Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon, 217–253. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Bakker, Peter. 2019. “Intentional language change and the connection between mixed languages and genderlects.”
<i>Language Dynamics and Change</i> 9: 135–161.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Bowern, Claire, Patience Epps, Russell D. Gray, Jane H. Hill, Keith Hunley, Patrick McConvell, and Jason Zentz. 2011. “Does Lateral Transmission Obscure Inheritance in Hunter-Gatherer Languages?” PLoS ONE 6(9): e25195.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025195"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025195</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Cayón, Luis, and Thiago Chacon. 2023. “Diversity, Multilingualism and Inter-Ethnic Relations in the Long-Term History of the Upper Rio Negro Region of the Amazon.” Interface Focus 13(1): 20220050.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2022.0050"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2022.0050</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Chernela, Janet. 2018. “Language in an Ontological Register: Embodied Speech in the Northwest Amazon of Colombia and Brazil.” Language in the Amerindian Imagination 63 (November): 23–32.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2018.02.006"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2018.02.006</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Epps, Patience. 2020. “Amazonian Linguistic Diversity and Its Sociocultural Correlates.” In:
<i>Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact</i>, edited by Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken, 275–90. Oxford University Press.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0016"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0016</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Epps, Patience, and Kristine Stenzel, eds. 2013.
<i>Upper Rio Negro: Cultural and Linguistic Interaction in Northwest Amazonia</i>.
</span><span lang="ES">Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional/Museo do Índio – FUNAI.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES">Faraclas, Nicholas (ed.). </span><span lang="EN-US">2012. Agency in the Emergence of Creole Languages: The Role of Women, Renegades, and People of African and Indigenous Descent in the Emergence of the Colonial Era Creoles.
Vol. 45. Creole Language Library. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. </span>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.45"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.45</span></a><span lang="EN-US">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Fleming, Luke. 2016. “Linguistic Exogamy and Language Shift in the Northwest Amazon.”
<i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> 2016 (240): 9–27. </span>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0013"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0013</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Hasse, Anja, and Guido Seiler. 2023. “Social factors in mixed language emergence: Solving the puzzle of Amish Shwitzer.” In: Sociolinguistic and typological perspectives on language variation, edited by Silvia Ballarè
and Guglielmo Inglese. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 374. Berlin: de Gruyter, 85-–120.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Hornborg, Alf. 2005. “Ethnogenesis, Regional Integration, and Ecology in Prehistoric Amazonia.”
<i>Current Anthropology</i> 46(4): 589–620. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/431530"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1086/431530</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Hornborg, Alf, and Love Eriksen. 2011. “An Attempt to Understand Panoan Ethnogenesis in Relation to Long-Term Patterns and Transformations of Regional Interaction in Western Amazonia. In:
<i>Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">: Reconstructing Past Identities from Archaeology, Linguistics, and Ethnohistory</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, edited
by Alf Hornborg and Jonathan D. Hill, 129–151. Boulder, Colorado: The University Press of Colorado.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Jackson, Jean E. 1974. “Language identity of the Colombian Vaupes Indians.” In: Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking, edited by Richard Bauman and Joel Sherzer, 50–64. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">———. 1983. <i>The Fish People: Linguistic Exogamy and Tukanoan Identity in Northwestern Amazonia</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Kihm, Alain. 2011. “Substrate Influences in Kriyol: Guinea-Bissau and Casamance Portuguese-Related Creole”. In: Claire Lefebvre (ed.). Typological Studies in Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 95:
81–103. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.95.07kih"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.95.07kih</span></a><span lang="EN-US">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Londoño Sulkin, and Carlos David. 2017. “Moral Sources and the Reproduction of the Amazonian Package.”
<i>Current Anthropology</i> 58(4): 477–501. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/692783"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1086/692783</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Mithun, Marianne. 2017. “Native North American Languages.” In:
<i>The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics</i>, edited by Raymond Hickey, 878–933. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107279872.032"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107279872.032</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">———. 2020. “Language Contact in North America.” In:
<i>The Routledge Handbook of Language Contact</i>, edited by Evangelia Adamou and Yaron Matras, 1st ed., 503–527. Routledge handbooks in linguistics. London, New York: Routledge.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351109154-30"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351109154-30</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">———. 2023. “Languages as Dynamic Systems: How Grammar Can Emerge.” In:
<i>The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America</i>, edited by Carmen Dagostino, Marianne Mithun, and Keren Rice, 619–646. Berlin: de Gruyter.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110600926-027"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110600926-027</span></a><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Newman, Brooke. 2018. “Interracial Marriage in the Atlantic World”. In: Brooke Newman. Atlantic History. Oxford University Press.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0279"><span lang="EN-US">https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0279</span></a><span lang="EN-US">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Sorensen, Arthur P. 1967. “Multilingualism in the Northwest Amazon.”
<i>American Anthropologist</i> 69(6): 670–84.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Thomason, Sarah. 2023. “Language Contact and Linguistic Areas.” In:
<i>The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America</i>, edited by Carmen Dagostino, Marianne Mithun, and Keren Rice, 647–668.
</span>Berlin: de Gruyter. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110600926-028">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110600926-028</a>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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