<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">dear Christian,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Your Cabecar examples remind me of Japanese constructions with <i>koto (ga) aru.</i></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">One typical combination involves <i>koto</i> 'fact, event' + <i>aru</i> '<b>Exist</b>', preceded by an embedded clause (expanding on <i>koto</i>, on its left).</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><ul><li>If the embedded clause is in the past, it encodes an <i>experiential perfect</i>: <br>(in questions) “Has it ever happened that <Clause>?” <br>(in statements) “It has already happened that <Clause>” </li></ul></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><i>Chūgoku=ni it-ta koto (=ga) ar-u?</i></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1">China=OBL go-Past fact (=Sbj) EXIST-Npast</font></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">“Have you ever been to China?”</div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><i><br></i></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><i>Chūgoku=ni it-ta koto (=ga) ar-u (yo).</i></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1">China=OBL go-Past fact (=Sbj) EXIST-Npast DECL</font></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default">“I've been to China (at least once).”</div></div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><ul><li>If the embedded clause is in the present, it encodes an <i>experiential present</i> [if this is a thing]:<br>(in questions) “Does it ever happen that <Clause>?” <br>(in statements) “It does happen that <Clause>” </li></ul></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default"><i>Chūgoku=ni ik-u koto (=ga) ar-u?</i></div></blockquote></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1">China=OBL go-NPast fact (=Sbj) EXIST-Npast</font></div></blockquote></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default">“Do you ever travel to China?”</div></blockquote></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><i><br></i></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><i>Chūgoku=ni ik-u koto (=ga) ar-u (yo).</i></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1">China=OBL go-NPast fact (=Sbj) EXIST-Npast DECL</font></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default">“I travel to China every now and then.”</div></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default">The negative counterpart would replace <i>aru</i> with its negation <i><b>nai</b></i> 'Neg:Exist':<br></div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><i>Chūgoku=ni it-ta koto (=ga) na-i yo.</i></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1">China=OBL go-Past fact (=Sbj) NEG:EXIST-NPast DECL</font></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default">“I've never been to China.”</div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><i><br></i></div><div class="gmail_default"><i>Chūgoku=ni ik-u koto (=ga) na-i yo.</i></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1">China=OBL go-NPast fact (=Sbj) NEG:EXIST-NPast DECL</font></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default">“I never go to China.” </div></div></blockquote></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Also, if you use <i><b>dekiru</b></i> 'be possible, be able', you get a potential:</div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><i>Chūgoku=ni ik-u koto (=ga) deki-ru (yo).</i></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1">China=OBL go-NPast fact (=Sbj) be.possible-NPast DECL</font></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default">“It's possible to go to China. / I~you~s.he can go to China.”</div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">and a predicate <i>dekita</i> in the past encodes an event that was able to materialize after all:</div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><i>Chūgoku=ni ik-u koto (=ga) deki-ta (yo).</i></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><font size="1">China=OBL go-NPast fact (=Sbj) be.possible-Past DECL</font></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default">“I was (finally) able to go to China.”</div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Those constructions encode meanings of aspect & modality. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">The noun <i>koto</i> encapsulates a potential state of affairs [SoA, the event of 'going to China'] and then the main predicate ["exist", "not.exist", "be.possible"...] situates that SoA with respect to our reference world: </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><ul><li>Either that SoA "exists" (has reality in this world) <br>→ Experientials [this has happened / happens at least once]<br> </li><li>or it does not exist in this world <br>→ Negative experiential [this has never happened / this never happens];<br> </li><li>or that SoA exists as a potential extension of this world <br>→ Potential [this can happen (in the future)]</li><li>or it exists as an extension of a past situation, after there was doubt on its possibility<br>→ past Potential [this finally managed to happen]</li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Could it be that Cabecar <i>ta </i>works in a similar way?</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Your translations seem to suggest so: ‘Does it happen that you speak with him?’; ‘animals have weeping and howling.’; ‘It happens that the tiger transforms itself into a person.’; ‘Have you managed to learn Cabecar ?’...<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">best</div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><font size="2" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Alex</font><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:13.33px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><font size="2"><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex François</span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></span></font></p><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CNRS–</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ENS</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none">–</span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.psl.eu/en" rel="noopener" target="_blank">PSL</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none">–</span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br></span><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://researchprofiles.anu.edu.au/en/persons/alex-francois" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Australian National University</a></font><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><br></span></font></span></font></span><div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a><br></span></font></span></div><div><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___</font><br><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span></div></div></div></div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>From: <strong class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp</strong> <span dir="auto"><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>></span><br>Date: Tue, 3 Sept 2024 at 11:29<br>Subject: [Lingtyp] modal particle ?<br>To: <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br></div><br><br><u></u>
<div>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US">
Allow me to show you another syntactic construction of Cabecar
which
I find difficult to conceptualize.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="line-height:100%;page-break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;margin-bottom:0cm;page-break-after:avoid" lang="zxx"><a name="m_-6084383257955920562_m_-171125211433745909___RefNumPara__5500847_208095759"></a> <font color="#008000">¿Bá kt-ä́ ta ijé ra?</font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="line-height:100%;page-break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0cm;page-break-before:auto;page-break-after:avoid" lang="zxx">
<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2">2.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span> speak-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">ipfv</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">exist0</span> 3.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">ps</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">com</span></font></p>
<p lang="en-US"> ‘Does it happen
that you
speak with him?’</p>
<ol start="2">
<li>
<p style="line-height:100%;page-break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;margin-bottom:0cm;page-break-after:avoid" lang="zxx"><a name="m_-6084383257955920562_m_-171125211433745909___RefNumPara__412611_1487916878"></a> <font color="#008000">...jé-wá (rö) ji̱-á̱ ta jémi̱ kö́yí-r ta.</font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="line-height:100%;page-break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0cm;page-break-before:auto;page-break-after:avoid" lang="zxx">
<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">d.med-pl</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">tsa</span> weep-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">ipfv</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">exist0</span> and howl-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">mid(ipfv)</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">
</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">exist0</span></font></p>
<p lang="en-US"> ‘… they [animals]
have
weeping and howling.’</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>
<p style="line-height:100%;page-break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;margin-bottom:0cm;page-break-after:avoid" lang="zxx"><a name="m_-6084383257955920562_m_-171125211433745909___RefNumPara__401433_3278973001"></a> <font color="#008000">Satala rä jé̠k iá-w-<font face="Cambria, serif">á̱</font> ta ditsä́ yë́.</font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="line-height:100%;page-break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0cm;page-break-before:auto;page-break-after:avoid" lang="zxx">
<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2">tiger <span style="font-variant:small-caps">tsa</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">rfl</span> transform-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">caus-ipfv</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">exist0</span> native <span style="font-variant:small-caps">trl</span></font></p>
<p lang="en-US"> ‘It happens that
the tiger transforms itself into a person.’</p>
<ol start="4">
<li>
<p style="line-height:100%;page-break-inside:avoid;margin-top:0.21cm;margin-bottom:0cm;page-break-after:avoid" lang="zxx"><a name="m_-6084383257955920562_m_-171125211433745909___RefNumPara__5206212_208095759"></a> <font color="#008000">¿Bá yö́-r ta ditsë́-i ?</font></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="line-height:100%;page-break-inside:avoid;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-bottom:0cm;page-break-before:auto;page-break-after:avoid" lang="zxx">
<font style="font-size:11pt" size="2">2.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg</span> form-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">mid(ipfv)</span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">exist0</span> native-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">advr</span></font></p>
<p lang="en-US"> ‘Have you managed
to learn
Cabecar ?’</p>
<p lang="en-US"><font size="2">(TSA is
'thematic structure articulator'.)</font><br>
</p>
<p lang="en-US">For reasons that yet escape
me, such sentences mostly – though obviously not necessarily –
have interrogative force. The construction has syntactic
peculiarities which I will not expound because on the one hand
they
are complicated and on the other they do not seem to touch my
conceptual question.</p>
<p lang="en-US">Although the aspect is the
same in the examples, ex. 1 – 3 have timeless reference while ex.
4 refers to
something achieved. This difference appears to be conditioned by
the
verb voice (which in itself I find inexplicable).</p>
<p lang="en-US">All of this is not my
question. My question concerns the sentence-semantic function of
the
particle <i>ta</i> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">exist0</span>.
The (preliminary) gloss is supposed to remind the decipherer that
this is grammaticalized from an erstwhile <span style="font-variant:small-caps">existential</span>
verboid. In the present construction, it follows a verbal clause
core
S and says: ‘S is the case’, ‘S does happen’, ‘there are
occasions where S’; or with past time reference (ex. 4): ‘S did
happen
/ has happened’, ‘S did materialize’. Although my analysis implies
that <i>ta</i> once was the main predicate in this construction,
it is now an optional particle.<br>
</p>
<p lang="en-US">The language has a validator
(in fact, a whole paradigm of them) in addition. The validator
emphasizes that I am serious about S, that S does matter. <i>Ta</i>
is not a validator. It does not appear to be in a
paradigm with anything else. Its closest counterpart in languages
closer to home would be a modal particle of the kind known from
Ancient Greek, Russian and German. However, I ignore the relevant
conceptual framework: Is this sentence modality? Or aktionsart?
And what would be an
appropriate term for this function of <i>ta</i>?</p>
</div>
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