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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear all<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I really appreciate the references supplied by Alex on apprehensives.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">This category is well represented in Australian languages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">A diachronic source of verbal apprehensive markers is discussed in my recent presentation to the International Morphological Meeting in Vienna.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">See abstract below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Harold<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk173163159"><b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">A diachronic pathway from nominal to verbal inflection: Evidence from Australian languages</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Harold James Koch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; <a href="mailto:harold.koch@anu.edu.au">harold.koch@anu.edu.au</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">This paper calls attention to a diachronic pathway that results in verbal inflections (for mood, aspect, tense, or polarity) being cognate with nominal inflections
(especially case). It is illustrated with data from Australian languages, whose typological structure includes the use of suffixes to mark: case relations on nominals, kinds of dependent clause relations on verbs, and TAM values on finite verbs. The cross-categorial
correspondences described here are consequent on morphological reanalyses that follow from a sequence of two separate syntactic changes. The first change consists of the extension of markers of intra-clausal relations (case suffixes on nominals) to signalling
inter-clausal relations (with case suffixes added to non-finite verbs). This is described in Australianist literature as the “complementiser function” of cases (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dench
& Evans 1988).</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> The combination of markers of non-finiteness and case may then be reanalysed as subordinate verbal inflections (e.g. Kaytetye -<i>nge-le
</i>non.finite-locative > -<i>ngele</i> simultaneous.same.subject ‘while VERBing’).
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The second change, insubordination (</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Evans 2007</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">),
consists of the use of dependent clauses as main clauses, with the reanalysis of
</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">subordinate verbal inflections as finite verb inflections in independent clauses. Whereas the first kind of change, in the form of the extension of adpositions to clausal conjunctions,
is familiar from European languages (e.g. English <i>before noon</i>, <i>before leaving</i>,
<i>before he left</i>), the second kind of change, insubordination, is a relatively new concept and has been applied more to synchronic studies of discourse pragmatics than to diachronic change (</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Evans
& Watanabe 2017)</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The Australian cases and their diachronic reflexes described and exemplified here include:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">dative > purposive subordination > desiderative/intentive mood (> future tense)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">aversive (avoidance) > apprehensive (‘lest’) subordination > apprehensive mood (‘might’)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">locative > simultaneous subordination > progressive aspect (> present tense)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">ablative > prior subordination > perfect aspect (> past tense)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">privative (‘without’) > negative subordinate (‘not VERBing’) > standard negation
<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Some of these relations have been previously recognised in Australian linguistics (e.g. Blake 1976, Meakins 2016, Koch Forthcoming), and their extreme effects
in the morphosyntax of Kayardidt have been described by Evans (1995) and Round (2013). Here we present a uniform account of the diachronic chain of developments and highlight their relevance to historical morphology and the etymology of verbal inflections.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Blake, Barry J. 1976. The bivalent suffix -<i>ku</i>. In R.M.W. Dixon (ed.),
<i>Grammatical categories in Australian languages</i>. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. 421-424.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dench, Alan, and Nicholas Evans. 1988. Multiple case marking in Australian languages.
<i>Australian Journal of Linguistics </i>8:1-48.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Evans, Nicholas. 1995.
<i>A grammar of Kayardild: with historical-comparative notes on Tangkic</i> (Mouton Grammar Library 15) Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Evans, Nicholas. 2007. Insubordination and its uses. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.),
<i>Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations</i>. Oxford University Press. 366-431.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Evans</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">, Nicholas</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">
& Honoré Watanabe (eds), 2017. <i>Insubordination</i>, 393–422. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Koch, Harold. Forthcoming. Nominal privative suffixes as a diachronic source of verbal negative markers: Evidence from Australian languages. In Holly Kennard et
al. (eds), <i>Historical Linguistics 2022</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Meakins, Felicity. 2016. No fixed address: The grammaticalisation of the Gurindji locative as a progressive suffix. In Felicity Meakins and Carmel O’Shannessy
(eds), <i>Loss and renewal: Australian languages since colonisation</i>. Boston/Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. 367-395.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Round, Erich R. 2013.
<i>Kayardild morphology and syntax</i>. Oxford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div id="divtagdefaultwrapper">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Dr Harold Koch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">School of Literatures Languages and Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Australian National University<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">harold.koch@anu.edu.au<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Alex Francois via Lingtyp<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, 19 September 2024 11:26 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> LingTyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Hanno Beck <hannobec@buffalo.edu><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Apprehensive modality<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Indeed, the domain of apprehensive (~ apprehensional) modality has lately been the object of much research in linguistic typology.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">It is, in particular, the object of an upcoming volume:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1">
<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Marine Vuillermet, Eva Schultze-Berndt & Martina Faller (eds) (f/c) <i>A typology of apprehensives</i>.
<br>
Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Language Science Press.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Let me put together a few references about apprehensive modality (among many). I've tried to find links for all of them:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Angelo, Denise & Eva Schultze-Berndt. 2016. Beware bambai – lest it be apprehensive. In F. Meakins & C. O’Shannessy (eds.),
<i>Loss and Renewal: Australian languages since colonisation</i>, 255–296. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. [<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297503377">online</a>]</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Daniel, Michael & Nina Dobrushina (f/c). Apprehensives in East Caucasian. In Vuillermet, Schultze-Berndt & Faller (eds).</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dobrushina, Nina. 2006.
</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Грамматические формы и конструкции со значением опасения и предостережения [Grammatical forms and constructions with the meaning of fear and caution].
<i>Вопросы языкознания</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> (Voprosy jazykoznanija) (2). 28–67. [<a href="https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9245205">online</a>]</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Faller, Martina & Eva Schultze-Berndt. 2018. Introduction to the workshop “The semantics and pragmatics of apprehensive markers in a cross-linguistic perspective". In
<i>51st Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea</i>. Tallin, Estonia. [<a href="https://societaslinguistica.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/SLE-2018-Book-of-abstracts.pdf#page=540">abstract</a>]</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">François, Alexandre. 2003. <i>La sémantique du prédicat en mwotlap (Vanuatu)</i> (Collection Linguistique de La Société de Linguistique de Paris, 84). Paris, Louvain: Peeters. [<a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm#:~:text=La%20S%C3%A9mantique%20du%20Pr%C3%A9dicat%20en%20Mwotlap">online</a>]
(→<a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Mwotlap-Predicat_2003_SLP.pdf#page=321">pp.301-312</a>, chapter “L'évitatif”)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">François, Alexandre. (f/c) Explicit apprehensions, implicit instructions: An indirect speech act in the grammar. In Vuillermet, Schultze-Berndt & Faller (eds). [<a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_articles_e.htm#fcd">preprint</a>]</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Lichtenberk, Frantisek. 1995. Apprehensional epistemics. In Joan Bybee & Suzanne Fleischmann (eds.),
<i>Modality in Grammar and Discourse</i> (Typological Studies in Language 32), 293–327. Amsterdam: Benjamins. [<a href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.32.12lic">online</a>]</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pakendorf, Brigitte & Ewa Schalley. 2007. From possibility to prohibition: A rare grammaticalization pathway.
<i>Linguistic Typology</i> 11(3). [<a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/LINGTY.2007.032/html?lang=en">online</a>]</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Schultze-Berndt, Eva. 2024. Risking a new classification of possibility modals: The role of apprehensives. Presidential address, SLE Annual Meeting. Helsinki, Aug 2024. [<a href="https://www.academia.edu/123332263">online</a>]</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Smith-Dennis, Ellen. 2021. Don’t feel obligated, lest it be undesirable: the relationship between prohibitives and apprehensives in Papapana and beyond.
<i>Linguistic Typology</i> 25(3). 413–459. [<a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/lingty-2020-2070/html?lang=en">online</a>]</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Vuillermet, Marine. 2017. Questionnaire on apprehensional morphology. Laboratoire Dynamique Du Langage, Lyon, France, ms. [<a href="http://tulquest.huma-num.fr/fr/node/135">online</a>].
<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Vuillermet, Marine. 2018. Grammatical fear morphemes in Ese Ejja: Making the case for a morphosemantic apprehensional domain.
<i>Studies in Language</i> 42(1). 256–293. [<a href="https://www.academia.edu/34905046/">online</a>]</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Vuillermet, Marine, Eva Schultze-Berndt & Martina Faller. (f/c) Apprehensional constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective. In Vuillermet, Schultze-Berndt & Faller (eds).</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Vuillermet, Marine, Eva Schultze-Berndt & Martina Faller (eds). (f/c)
</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">A typology of apprehensives</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">.
</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Language Science Press</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">It does seem that the
<i>sa-</i> morpheme found by Cat in in Dalkalaen could indeed be labelled an apprehensive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">best<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Alex<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#45818E">Alex François</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none">LaTTiCe</span></a> — <a href="https://www.cnrs.fr/en" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC;text-decoration:none">CNRS–</span></a><a href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC;text-decoration:none">ENS</span></a>–<a href="https://www.psl.eu/en" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC;text-decoration:none">PSL</span></a>–<a href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC;text-decoration:none">Sorbonne
nouvelle</span></a><br>
<a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" target="_blank"><span style="color:#3366CC;text-decoration:none">Australian National University</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#3366CC;text-decoration:none">Personal homepage</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">_________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>
From: <strong>Hanno Beck via Lingtyp</strong> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Date: Thu, 19 Sept 2024 at 14:13<br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Lingtyp Digest, Vol 120, Issue 12<br>
To: <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Dear Friends,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Just a small followup to Christian's remark that maybe /sa-/ could be characterized as 'apprehensive.' Scott AnderBois and colleagues (Brown University) have recent and current
research running on what they call "apprehensive modality" -- it is quite interesting and almost certainly relevant here. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">In an undergraduate class that I teach, we spent an entire pleasant day playing around with the closest equivalent thing in English, which seems to be the word "lest."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Never a dull moment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Hanno<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#0F5C1A">=====================<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#0F5C1A">Dr. Hanno T. Beck<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#0F5C1A">Department of Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#0F5C1A">The University at Buffalo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">From: <strong>Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp</strong> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Date: Wed, 18 Sept 2024 at 16:50<br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Please help me label two Dalkalaen (Oceanic) TAM markers<br>
To: <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear Cat,<br>
<br>
given function #d of <i>ga-</i>, it seems to be a universal subordinator; and this function would include #a - #c. In the interlinear gloss, just abbreviate it by SR.<br>
<br>
It seems that you will have to both define a concept and coin a term for <i>sa-</i>. Something like 'apprehensive' might suit it.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Christian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear Lingtyp community,<br>
<br>
I'm trying to understand the function and relationship of two morphemes in Dalkalaen (Oceanic). I'm not sure they're prefixes, but for now, let's assume they are. They both occupy the same slot in the prefixal template of verbs, namely the outermost one.<br>
<br>
1.: ga-<br>
As far as I can tell, this prefix serves four functions:<br>
a) specific temporal co-/subordination, e.g. GA-go "when they went (to place x, event y happened)"<br>
b) general temporal/conditional co-/subordination, e.g. GA-chirp "when [a kingfisher] chirps (under circumstances x, then that means y)"<br>
c) final/purposive subordination, e.g. GA-make "(x got ready) to make (food item y)", ga-GO "(x got up) to go (to the restroom)"<br>
d) a kind of general complementation, e.g. we want GA-x "we want that x happens"<br>
<br>
2.: sa-<br>
This one never occurs on its own, but always in combination with<br>
a) the potential marker (which refers to future possibilities, prospectives, hortatives), in which case the combo seems to refer to an undesirable prospective, e.g. SA-POT-eat "this fire could/will consume me [if I don't get out of here]". This combo is pretty
rare.<br>
b) the negative potential marker, which in fact can't occur without sa-. This combo refers to warnings and prohibitives, e.g. SA-NEG.POT-fall "(watch out so you) don't fall!", but also to more generally negated future possibilities, e.g. SA-NEG.POT-hurt "we're
not going to / don't want to hurt you".<br>
<br>
Ga- also often occurs with other TMA markers, including the potential marker, but I haven't been able to identify any kind of transparent pattern as to what exactly those markers contribute in those contexts; they seem to be kind of optional and interchangeable.<br>
<br>
So my question is basically: How would you label these two markers?<br>
<br>
Please send ANY kind of idea, literature recommendation etc. etc. etc. my way. Thank you, and I hope you have a nice week.<br>
<br>
Warmest,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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