<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Dear Pattie Epps,</span><div><font style="font-size: 15px;"><br></font></div><div><span style="font-size: 15px;">Narragansett (Algic) is claimed to have a suffix called “absentative” which can encode a deceased person or lost possessions, e.g. nókac-i ‘my late deceased mother’ (mother-ABSENTATIVE).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 15px;">Reference:</span></div><div><div class="page" title="Page 1" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 15px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">O’Brien, </span><span style="font-weight: 700;">Frank Waabu. 2009. </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(44, 44, 44); color: rgb(44, 44, 44); white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Grammatical Studies in the Narragansett Language (Second Edition). </span><span style="font-weight: 700;">Aquidneck Indian Council.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 15px;"><br></span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 15px;">Warmest,</span></p><p><b style="font-size: 15px;">Pun Ho Lui Joe</b></p></div></div></div></div><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>Epps, Patience L via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org> 於 2024年9月26日 下午6:14 寫道：</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div><meta charset="UTF-8"><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">Dear all,</div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">I'm writing regarding a phenomenon that appears to be widely attested in Amazonian languages, which my project collaborators and I have been calling a 'deceased referent marker'. We are wondering about the extent to which a comparable phenomenon exists in other languages of the world - from a preliminary survey, it appears to have very few close correlates elsewhere. <o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">The Amazonian-type DRM construction involves using a particular linguistic marker (which can usually be identified as more grammatical than lexical, though it's not always an easy distinction to make) within the noun phrase when making direct reference to a deceased referent. This is reminiscent of what occurs in some European languages (e.g. English<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>late</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>John,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>Portuguese<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>o<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>finado</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>João</i>), but tends to be less lexical and is ubiquitous in discourse, rather than being highly optional and/or limited to more formal registers. In some languages, the DRM is a distinct etymon with no other functions; in others, it overlaps with other functions (most frequently that of a nominal past marker). It is always used with humans (primarily proper names and kin terms), while some languages also allow use with non-human referents. In spite of these variations, there seem to be close parallels in how the construction is formulated and how it is used discursively across many Amazonian languages. <o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">An example from Nadëb (Naduhup family, NW Brazil):<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><i>ee <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>makũuh</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> ỹ haw'ëëh doo paah</i><o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">father DRM 1sg raise NMLZ PST<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">'It was my late father who raised me (there).'<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">In defining the Amazonian 'type' of DRM, we are focusing on resources that a) consist of a morphological element (affix or clitic hosted by the noun); or b) if arguably more lexical, have a ‘deceased referent’ function that is relatively distinct from other meanings/morphosyntactic expressions and/or appears ubiquitously in DRM contexts. We are excluding other kinds of linguistic strategies for referring to the deceased, including naming prohibitions, necronyms (passing on the deceased's name to a child), more pragmatically optional periphrastic strategies (e.g. 'my dead relative', 'my relative who died recently', etc.). We are also excluding (though we're interested, for comparative purposes) other types of nominal morphology relating to the deceased, e.g. a marker that occurs with a kin term X to mean ‘one whose X has recently died’ in Kayardild (Australia):<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>kangku-kurirr</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(father’s.father-DEAD) ‘one whose father’s father has recently died’ (Evans 1995: 197).<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">We'd be very grateful for information about comparable phenomena in languages outside South America.</div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">All best,</div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;">Pattie Epps<o:p></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></div></div><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;">_______________________________________________</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;">Lingtyp mailing list</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div></blockquote></div><br></body></html>