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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Following from Felicity Meakins’ post: Garrwa (non-Pama-Nyungan, Australian) also has a suffix
<i>–(yu)rru</i> used for deceased folk as a respectful way of referring to them. It attaches to kin terms as well as generic nouns for people. Eg
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <i>yingamali yal=i wurdumba=yi maju-<b>yurru</b> bardibradi-<b>yurru<o:p></o:p></b></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> one 3plnom=past get=past eZ-dec old.woman-dec<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> They got one – the old woman, my late older sister. (20000516KS)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ilana<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Felicity Meakins via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date: </b>Friday, 27 September 2024 at 10:23</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span style="color:black">AM<br>
<b>To: </b>lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] Query: 'Deceased referent' markers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Gurindji (Pama-Nyungan, Australian) has a suffix. Here is the extract from the grammar:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><img width="427" height="392" style="width:4.4479in;height:4.0833in" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.png@01DB10C4.C8F9A540"></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<b><span style="color:black">From: </span></b><span style="color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Alex Francois via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date: </b>Friday, 27 September 2024 at 9:39</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span style="color:black">AM<br>
<b>To: </b>Epps, Patience L <pattieepps@austin.utexas.edu><br>
<b>Cc: </b>lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] Query: 'Deceased referent' markers</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Dear Pattie,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">The French equivalent of Eng.
<i>late</i> is a form <i>feu</i>, which precedes an NP, whether a proper name or a phrase:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt"><i><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">J'ai connu
<b>feu </b>ton père. </span></i><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">“I used to know your late father.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt"><i><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">C'est la maison de
<b>feu </b>Bernard Hervé. </span></i><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">“This is the house of the late Bernard Hervé” </span><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> [fictitious name]</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">The form is stylistically marked these days, of a legal or literary ~ higher register. (It is therefore excluded from Pattie's request; but maybe worth mentioning
anyway.)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">In texts, there is historical variation between an earlier adjectival use [<i>le
<b>feu </b>roi</i>] and a later pattern {<i>feu</i> +NP} [<b><i>feu </i></b><i>le roi</i>].</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">The French form <i>feu</i> happens to be homophonous with the noun <i>feu</i> 'fire'
</span><span style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji"">🔥🔥</span><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> This surely triggers some mental associations between the two notions, in the perception of many French speakers (cf. the puns in
<a href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/langue-francaise/actu-des-mots/2017/12/08/37002-20171208ARTFIG00007-feufeu-n-m-se-dit-de-quelqu-un-qui-s-est-eteint.php" target="_blank">
this newspaper entry</a>, about a singer who passed away in 2017).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">However, the homophony is accidental. While the fire noun <i>feu</i> comes from Lat. <i>focus</i> 'hearth' (cf. Ital.
<i>fuoco</i>), the 'deceased' word reflects a Medieval Latin adjective *<b><i>fatutus</i></b> 'who has met their fate' — itself derived from
<i>fātum</i> 'destiny, fate'.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">I wonder if *fatutus, or French
<i>feu</i>, could in fact also be the source of Italian <i>fu</i> mentioned by Paolo (<i>il
<b>fu</b> Mattia Pascal</i>). If that <i>fu</i> does reflect Lat. <i>fuit</i> [3sg perfectum of 'be'] as Paolo suggests, the similarity with French
<i>feu</i> would be a coincidence; but the position of <i>fu</i>, between the article and the noun, suggests an adjectival origin rather than verbal.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">_______</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><br>
The plural of <i>feu</i> is <i>feus</i> (<i>nos <b>feus</b> parents</i>) — contrasting with the plural <i>feux</i> of the </span><span style="font-family:"Apple Color Emoji"">🔥</span><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> noun <i>feu</i>.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">The word has a feminine
<i>feue </i>: <b><i>feue </i></b><i>la Reine</i> "the late Queen", from *fatuta. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">There used to be complex rules of agreement in number & gender, depending on the degree of grammaticalisation:
<br>
one would write <i>la <b>feue</b> Reine</i> (archaic, adjectival use), but <b><i>feu
</i></b><i>la Reine</i> (when reinterpreted as a non-inflecting particle). </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Those rules are still taught in prescriptive contexts, e.g. on
<a href="https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/clefsfp/index-fra.html?lang=fra&lettr=indx_catlog_f&page=9wRyescDdDRo.html" target="_blank">
this page</a> of an official Canadian website.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">See also <a href="https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/feu" target="_blank">the entry FEU, FEUE</a> in the CNRTL dictionary of French [</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">→</span><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">
second tab on the page]</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:center">
<span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><img border="0" width="257" height="92" style="width:2.677in;height:.9583in" id="_x0000_i1026" src="cid:ii_m1jwsrxo1"></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">According to that entry, a spelling reform in 1901 simplified the orthographic rules by promoting number & gender agreement with the noun, in all cases (</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">→</span><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> <i>la
feue Reine</i> / <i>feue la Reine</i>).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">_______</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Finally, an interesting question, both when describing French
<i>feu</i> and when doing a typology of similar forms, would be to find out in what precise contexts it is
<b>pragmatically appropriate</b> to use deceased referent markers. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">For example, I don't believe it would be natural to say ??{<i>We visited the house of the
<b>late</b> Frédéric Chopin</i>}. Or perhaps this could be said, but would bear some particular connotations (perhaps some sense of personal affection towards this composer?).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">One could think that the criteria may include whether the death is 1/ "recent", and~or 2/ new information to the hearer. But I don't think this captures the whole
story. This year I heard a politician speak of <b><i>feu</i></b><i> le Général de Gaulle</i>, even though he died in 1970 (not so recent), and that was not new information to the audience. Perhaps relevant was the fact that the referent is of living memory,
i.e. there are still some people who remember when de Gaulle was alive. It's like you use
<i>feu</i> (or Eng. <i>late</i>?) only if you want to underline a personal connection between yourself, or your community, and the deceased referent. In the case of the politician, the undertext was "<i>The late Général, whom many of us knew and admired during
our lifetimes, would disapprove of the current political situation if he were still among us today.</i>" This would not work with Napoléon, I think.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Conversely, a death that is really recent, or informationally foregrounded, would not be a suitable context for using the marker:<br>
??{<i>Many were killed in the plane crash, including the <b>late</b> pilot</i>}.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">In sum, I'd be curious to know if the pragmatics of using "deceased referent" markers tend to be cross-linguistically recurrent, or if they differ across languages
and cultures. Pattie's description suggests that the contexts of use, and frequency, differ between Europe and the Amazon, but I wonder in what ways.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">best</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Alex</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<hr size="1" width="70" style="width:52.5pt" noshade="" style="color:black" align="left">
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<p style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#45818E">Alex François</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a href="https://www.cnrs.fr/en" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC">CNRS–</span></a><a href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC">ENS</span></a>–<a href="https://www.psl.eu/en" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC">PSL</span></a>–<a href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC">Sorbonne
nouvelle</span></a><br>
<a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" target="_blank"><span style="color:#3366CC">Australian National University</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#3366CC">Personal homepage</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">_________________________________________</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>
From: <strong><span style="font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif">Paolo Ramat via Lingtyp</span></strong> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Date: Thu, 26 Sept 2024 at 16:00<br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Query: 'Deceased referent' markers<br>
To: <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif">양재영</span> <<a href="mailto:tastymango@snu.ac.kr" target="_blank">tastymango@snu.ac.kr</a>><br>
Cc: Epps, Patience L <<a href="mailto:pattieepps@austin.utexas.edu" target="_blank">pattieepps@austin.utexas.edu</a>>,
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><o:p></o:p></p>
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<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">Dear Pattie,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> the title of a novel by the Nobel Prize winner 1934 Luigi Pirandello <i> is
<u>Il <b>fu</b> Mattia Pasca</u>l ,</i>whereby<i> fu (</i>< Lat. <i>fuit </i>3rd sg of the perfect), preceded by the ART<i> il, </i>has exactly the same adjectival function as Engl<i>. late
</i>or Port.<i> finado, </i>both preceded by ART.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">An NP such as<i> *I fu Mattia e Giovanni
</i>would be ungrammatical, since <i>fu </i>wouldn't agree with the plural <i>Mattia + Giovanni </i>(though <i>I</i>
<i>furono (</i>< Lat. <i>fuerunt </i>3rd plur. of the perfect) <i>Mattia e Giov. </i> would sound very strange: <i>Fu,
</i>still used in NPs such as <i>Il fu Mattia Pascal</i> , is a stereotyped formula, just as the corresponding Engl. and Port. expressions.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">P.Rt. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">Prof. Dr. Paolo Ramat</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Socio corrispondente</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">'Academia Europaea'</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">'Societas Linguistica Europaea', Honorary Member</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">Università di Pavia (retired)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">##39 0382 27027</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">347 044 98 44</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">Il giorno gio 26 set 2024 alle ore 13:08
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif">양재영</span> via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> ha scritto:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">Dear Pattie Epps,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">Tübatulabal (Uto-Aztecan, California) uses a nominal ‘past tense’ suffix -pï- to mark the death of a person (including kins).<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">The language also has a suffix -bai’i- that is used with a kinship term to indicate the kin being referred to is the last surviving one, and a few other interesting phenomena of expressing the death of the ‘connecting
relative’.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">Reference: <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">Voegelin, Charles F. 1935. Tübatulabal Grammar. University of California Press.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">Best regards,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">Jaeyeong Yang<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">2024<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif">년</span> 9<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif">월</span> 26<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif">일</span>
(<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif">목</span>) <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif">
오후</span> 7:30, Pun Ho Lui via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif">님이</span><span lang="EN-GB">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif">작성</span>:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.5pt">Dear Pattie Epps,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.5pt">Narragansett (Algic) is claimed to have a suffix called “absentative” which can encode a deceased person or lost possessions, e.g. nókac-i ‘my late deceased mother’ (mother-ABSENTATIVE).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.5pt">Reference:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p style="margin-left:36.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;color:black">O’Brien, Frank Waabu. 2009. </span></b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;color:#2C2C2C;background:white">Grammatical Studies in the Narragansett Language (Second Edition).
</span><b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;color:black">Aquidneck Indian Council.</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="color:black"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:36.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;color:black">Warmest,</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left:36.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;color:black">Pun Ho Lui Joe</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt">Epps, Patience L via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"MS Gothic"">於</span> 2024<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"MS Gothic"">年</span>9<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"MS Gothic"">月</span>26<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"MS Gothic"">日</span><span lang="EN-GB">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"MS Gothic"">下午</span>6:14 <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"MS Gothic"">
寫道：</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Dear all,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">I'm writing regarding a phenomenon that appears to be widely attested in Amazonian languages, which my project collaborators and I have been calling a 'deceased referent marker'.
We are wondering about the extent to which a comparable phenomenon exists in other languages of the world - from a preliminary survey, it appears to have very few close correlates elsewhere. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">The Amazonian-type DRM construction involves using a particular linguistic marker (which can usually be identified as more grammatical than lexical, though it's not always an easy
distinction to make) within the noun phrase when making direct reference to a deceased referent. This is reminiscent of what occurs in some European languages (e.g. English <i>the <b>late</b> John, </i>Portuguese <i>o <b>finado</b> João</i>), but tends to
be less lexical and is ubiquitous in discourse, rather than being highly optional and/or limited to more formal registers. In some languages, the DRM is a distinct etymon with no other functions; in others, it overlaps with other functions (most frequently
that of a nominal past marker). It is always used with humans (primarily proper names and kin terms), while some languages also allow use with non-human referents. In spite of these variations, there seem to be close parallels in how the construction is formulated
and how it is used discursively across many Amazonian languages. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">An example from Nadëb (Naduhup family, NW Brazil):</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt">ee <b>makũuh</b> ỹ haw'ëëh doo paah</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">father DRM 1sg raise NMLZ PST</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">'It was my late father who raised me (there).'</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">In defining the Amazonian 'type' of DRM, we are focusing on resources that a) consist of a morphological element (affix or clitic hosted by the noun); or b) if arguably more lexical,
have a ‘deceased referent’ function that is relatively distinct from other meanings/morphosyntactic expressions and/or appears ubiquitously in DRM contexts. We are excluding other kinds of linguistic strategies for referring to the deceased, including naming
prohibitions, necronyms (passing on the deceased's name to a child), more pragmatically optional periphrastic strategies (e.g. 'my dead relative', 'my relative who died recently', etc.). We are also excluding (though we're interested, for comparative purposes)
other types of nominal morphology relating to the deceased, e.g. a marker that occurs with a kin term X to mean ‘one whose X has recently died’ in Kayardild (Australia): <i>kangku-kurirr</i> (father’s.father-DEAD) ‘one whose father’s father has recently died’
(Evans 1995: 197).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">We'd be very grateful for information about comparable phenomena in languages outside South America.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">All best,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Pattie Epps</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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