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Hi Pattie,<br>
<br>
Komnzo in Southern New Guinea has a form <i>kwark</i> [kwarək],
which I translate as 'deceased, late'. I analyse <i>kwark</i> as an
adjective. While most adjectives can either precede or follow the
modified noun, there are three adjectives which may only follow the
noun, and <i>kwark</i> is one of them. You find a brief mention of
these three in the grammar (<a
href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/view/212/1408/1325-1">here</a>)
in §3.1.5, and a search in the pdf for "kwark" will bring you a
couple of example sentences.<br>
<br>
<i>Kwark </i>occurs with kinterms and proper names. It is always
used with humans. I found one corpus example with a dog. It is very
frequent (ubiquitous) when talking about someone who has passed
away.<br>
<br>
Here is one example:<br>
<blockquote><i>nzwamnzrm fof ... oromanä fof ... oroman kwarkä.</i>
<br>
nzwa\m/nzrm fof (.) oroman=ä
fof (.) oroman kwark=ä <br>
1SG:PST:DUR/dwell emph (.) old.man=ASSOC.PL emph
(.) old_man deceased=ASSOC.PL <br>
‘We stayed with the old man ... with the late old man.’
[tci20130911-03 MBR #72-73] <br>
</blockquote>
Best,<br>
Christian<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 26.09.24 um 12:14 schrieb Epps,
Patience L via Lingtyp:<br>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I'm writing regarding a phenomenon that
appears to be widely attested in Amazonian languages, which my
project collaborators and I have been calling a 'deceased
referent marker'. We are wondering about the extent to which a
comparable phenomenon exists in other languages of the world -
from a preliminary survey, it appears to have very few close
correlates elsewhere. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Amazonian-type DRM construction
involves using a particular linguistic marker (which can
usually be identified as more grammatical than lexical, though
it's not always an easy distinction to make) within the noun
phrase when making direct reference to a deceased referent.
This is reminiscent of what occurs in some European languages
(e.g. English
<i>the <b>late</b> John, </i>Portuguese <i>o <b>finado</b>
João</i>), but tends to be less lexical and is ubiquitous in
discourse, rather than being highly optional and/or limited to
more formal registers. In some languages, the DRM is a
distinct etymon with no other functions; in others, it
overlaps with other functions (most frequently that of a
nominal past marker). It is always used with humans (primarily
proper names and kin terms), while some languages also allow
use with non-human referents. In spite of these variations,
there seem to be close parallels in how the construction is
formulated and how it is used discursively across many
Amazonian languages. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">An example from Nadëb (Naduhup family, NW
Brazil):<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>ee <b>makũuh</b>
ỹ haw'ëëh doo
paah</i><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">father DRM 1sg
raise NMLZ PST<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">'It was my late father who raised me
(there).'<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In defining the Amazonian 'type' of DRM, we
are focusing on resources that a) consist of a morphological
element (affix or clitic hosted by the noun); or b) if
arguably more lexical, have a ‘deceased referent’ function
that is relatively distinct from other
meanings/morphosyntactic expressions and/or appears
ubiquitously in DRM contexts. We are excluding other kinds of
linguistic strategies for referring to the deceased, including
naming prohibitions, necronyms (passing on the deceased's name
to a child), more pragmatically optional periphrastic
strategies (e.g. 'my dead relative', 'my relative who died
recently', etc.). We are also excluding (though we're
interested, for comparative purposes) other types of nominal
morphology relating to the deceased, e.g. a marker that occurs
with a kin term X to mean ‘one whose X has recently died’ in
Kayardild (Australia):
<i>kangku-kurirr</i> (father’s.father-DEAD) ‘one whose
father’s father has recently died’ (Evans 1995: 197).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We'd be very grateful for information about
comparable phenomena in languages outside South America.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">All best,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Pattie Epps<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<br>
<fieldset class="moz-mime-attachment-header"></fieldset>
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<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
_____________________________________________________
Christian Döhler
Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften
Jägerstraße 22/23, 10117 Berlin, Raum 15
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-5920">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9659-5920</a>
wiss. Mitarbeiter im DFG Projekt Open Text Collections
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://opentextcollections.github.io/">https://opentextcollections.github.io/</a></pre>
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