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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear Zahid – My first thought was, there must be hundreds of such languages if not thousands. But to my great surprise, a quick glance at Heine & Kuteva (2002) didn’t turn up a single hit. Odd. (Nor,
thinking of Riccardo’s comment, do H&K give an example of definite article > nominalizer.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Well, fwiw., Yucatec is a case in point. The basic facts are as follows:
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">There are pronominal demonstratives
<i>lela’</i> ‘this’ (exophoric proximal) / <i>lelo’</i> ‘that’ (generic indexical). These are restricted to the absolute right edge of the clause and topicalization/left-dislocation.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Adnominally, the stem reduces to
<i>le </i>for morphophonological reasons, which appears on the absolute left edge of the NP, and the final component of the pronominal form appears as a clitic particle
<i>=a’</i>/<i>=o’ </i>with the same distribution as the pronominal demonstratives.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Syntactic nominalization is expressed (if it is expressed morphologically, which is usually, but not always the case) by placing
<i>le</i> on the absolute left edge of the nominalized form, which may be a stative predicate, a verb, a phrase, or a clause.
<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">The following example is a description of a video clip in which a shorter woman pushes a taller woman, who as a result causes a tower of Styrofoam cups to collapse:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-US" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">T-u=mčet-ah u=níik-ik le=bŕaso-s-o’b
<b>le=mas=nohoch=o’</b>.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">PRV-A3=do:APP-CMP(B3SG) A3=scatter-INC(B3SG) DEF=cup-PL-PL
<b>DEF=more=big=D2</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">‘She made the bigger one scatter the cups.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">I gloss the demonstrative stem
<i>le(l)</i> ‘DEF’ for convenience, but it functions both as a definite article and an adnominal demonstrative (minus the semantic distinction expressed by the clause-final particle).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">The demonstrative system is described in Bohnemeyer (2018) and references therein (notably including Hanks 1990). A discussion of nominalized clauses (headless RCs) can be found in Bohnemeyer (2002:
129-143). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Regarding the question of grammaticalization, this comes down to how one would form syntactic nominalizations with indefinite reference. How would one say ‘a bigger one’ instead of ‘the bigger one’?
I cannot give you a definitive answer (no pun intended). As an L2 speaker, I would say ‘one of the bigger ones’, and I’m confident that the demonstrative/definite article would be accommodated. But is it also possible to nominalize without the demonstrative/article,
by directly combining the numeral ‘one’ (plus classifier) with the nominalized expression? I’m afraid IDK. If it is, then the proper expression of nominalization in Yucatec is not the demonstrative/article, but determination. If it isn’t, the demonstrative/article
has been extended to the function of nominalization.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Bohnemeyer, J. (2002).
<i>The grammar of time reference in Yukatek Maya</i>. Munich: LINCOM.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Bohnemeyer, J. (2018). Yucatec demonstratives in interaction: Spontaneous vs. elicited data. In S. C. Levinson, S. Cutfield, M. Dunn, N. Enfield, S. Meira, & D. P. Wilkins (eds.),
<i>Demonstratives in cross-linguistic perspective</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (republication with permission of 2012 chapter in Schalley ed.). 176-205.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Hanks, W. F. (1990). </span>
<i><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Referential practice: Language and lived space among the Maya</span></i><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Heine, B., & T. Kuteva. (2002).
</span><i><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">World lexicon of grammaticalization.</span></i><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="color:black">From: </span></b><span style="color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Zahid Akter via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date: </b>Sunday, October 20, 2024 at 05:33<br>
<b>To: </b>LINGTYP LINGTYP <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] Demonstratives as nominalizers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="color:black">Dear Typologists,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="color:black">I’m looking for languages where demonstratives function as nominalizers. If you are aware of any such cases, I would greatly appreciate your references.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="color:black">Best regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="color:black">Zahid<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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