<div dir="ltr">Dear Zahid,<div><br></div><div>I had the very same feeling as Juergen, but probably because of my own empirical bias where adjective morphology seems to show connections with demonstratives and deictic elements. Anyway, in Khinalug (East Caucasian), adjectives require suffixes formally identical to demonstratives to be used independently (as NP heads). </div><div><br></div><div>Kibrik, Aleksandr, Sandro Kodzasov, and Irina Olovjannikova. 1972. Fragmenty grammatika khinalugskogo jazyka. Moscow: MGU. P. 70. </div><div><br></div><div>Michael</div><div><br></div><div><br clear="all"><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div>--</div><div>Михаил Даниэль</div><div><i>Я осуждаю агрессию моей страны против Украины.</i></div><div>Michael Daniel</div><div><i>I condemn my country's aggression in Ukraine.</i></div></div></div></div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">вс, 20 окт. 2024 г. в 20:58, Juergen Bohnemeyer via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div class="msg5567933193114364497">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear Zahid – My first thought was, there must be hundreds of such languages if not thousands. But to my great surprise, a quick glance at Heine & Kuteva (2002) didn’t turn up a single hit. Odd. (Nor,
thinking of Riccardo’s comment, do H&K give an example of definite article > nominalizer.)<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Well, fwiw., Yucatec is a case in point. The basic facts are as follows:
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="m_-113680551180199806MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">There are pronominal demonstratives
<i>lela’</i> ‘this’ (exophoric proximal) / <i>lelo’</i> ‘that’ (generic indexical). These are restricted to the absolute right edge of the clause and topicalization/left-dislocation.<u></u><u></u></span></li><li class="m_-113680551180199806MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Adnominally, the stem reduces to
<i>le </i>for morphophonological reasons, which appears on the absolute left edge of the NP, and the final component of the pronominal form appears as a clitic particle
<i>=a’</i>/<i>=o’ </i>with the same distribution as the pronominal demonstratives.<u></u><u></u></span></li><li class="m_-113680551180199806MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Syntactic nominalization is expressed (if it is expressed morphologically, which is usually, but not always the case) by placing
<i>le</i> on the absolute left edge of the nominalized form, which may be a stative predicate, a verb, a phrase, or a clause.
<u></u><u></u></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">The following example is a description of a video clip in which a shorter woman pushes a taller woman, who as a result causes a tower of Styrofoam cups to collapse:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-US" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">T-u=mèet-ah u=níik-ik le=bàaso-s-o’b
<b>le=mas=nohoch=o’</b>.<b><u></u><u></u></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">PRV-A3=do:APP-CMP(B3SG) A3=scatter-INC(B3SG) DEF=cup-PL-PL
<b>DEF=more=big=D2</b><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">‘She made the bigger one scatter the cups.’<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">I gloss the demonstrative stem
<i>le(l)</i> ‘DEF’ for convenience, but it functions both as a definite article and an adnominal demonstrative (minus the semantic distinction expressed by the clause-final particle).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">The demonstrative system is described in Bohnemeyer (2018) and references therein (notably including Hanks 1990). A discussion of nominalized clauses (headless RCs) can be found in Bohnemeyer (2002:
129-143). <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Regarding the question of grammaticalization, this comes down to how one would form syntactic nominalizations with indefinite reference. How would one say ‘a bigger one’ instead of ‘the bigger one’?
I cannot give you a definitive answer (no pun intended). As an L2 speaker, I would say ‘one of the bigger ones’, and I’m confident that the demonstrative/definite article would be accommodated. But is it also possible to nominalize without the demonstrative/article,
by directly combining the numeral ‘one’ (plus classifier) with the nominalized expression? I’m afraid IDK. If it is, then the proper expression of nominalization in Yucatec is not the demonstrative/article, but determination. If it isn’t, the demonstrative/article
has been extended to the function of nominalization.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Bohnemeyer, J. (2002).
<i>The grammar of time reference in Yukatek Maya</i>. Munich: LINCOM.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Bohnemeyer, J. (2018). Yucatec demonstratives in interaction: Spontaneous vs. elicited data. In S. C. Levinson, S. Cutfield, M. Dunn, N. Enfield, S. Meira, & D. P. Wilkins (eds.),
<i>Demonstratives in cross-linguistic perspective</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (republication with permission of 2012 chapter in Schalley ed.). 176-205.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Hanks, W. F. (1990). </span>
<i><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Referential practice: Language and lived space among the Maya</span></i><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Heine, B., & T. Kuteva. (2002).
</span><i><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">World lexicon of grammaticalization.</span></i><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">-- <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<b><span style="color:black">From: </span></b><span style="color:black">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Zahid Akter via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Sunday, October 20, 2024 at 05:33<br>
<b>To: </b>LINGTYP LINGTYP <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] Demonstratives as nominalizers<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0.5in"><span style="color:black">Dear Typologists,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0.5in"><span style="color:black">I’m looking for languages where demonstratives function as nominalizers. If you are aware of any such cases, I would greatly appreciate your references.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0.5in"><span style="color:black">Best regards,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:0.5in"><span style="color:black">Zahid<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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