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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Hi Bernat/all –
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">One thing I’ve often been struck by is how overtly aware many Galo speakers are of morphology – especially though not exclusively noun morphology. One important aspect of this –
I don’t know whether it’s more of a reason or an outcome – is the fact that the traditional Galo naming system renders the noun morphology explicit, and speakers are able to analyse common noun morphology according to the same principles and often do. I’ve
written a bit about the principles, though not about people’s awareness of it per se, in S4 of the below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Post, Mark W. “Classifiers in a Language with Articles: Recent Evolution of a Typologically Unusual Asian Classifier System in the Tani Languages of Northeast India.”
<i>Asian Languages and Linguistics</i> 3, no. 2 (2022): 239–67. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1075/alal.22012.pos">
https://doi.org/10.1075/alal.22012.pos</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Earlier today I was talking to a speaker of Mising (same language group, Trans-Himalayan > Tani), and he was explaining to me that similar principles operate in their traditional
<i>aabang</i> chants/songs, which tend to recount genealogies but also include place names, and on hearing that someone else came from a village Telam (on the Galo/Mising border), he immediately volunteered an etymology,
<i>tə-</i> ‘elephant < big’ </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">+
</span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">lam-</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> ‘road/path’ – which is completely plausible in the context/region, where wild elephants are common and where domesticated
elephants were previously used in logging and load-carrying. Note that neither of these are words, they’re bound morphemes – which, by the way, are called
<i>gompir</i> in Mising and <i>gomc</i></span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">ɨ</span></i><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">r</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">
in Galo (< <i>gom- </i>‘speech’ + <i>pir-/c</i></span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">ɨ</span></i><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">r-</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">
‘pellet’).</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">All best<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Mark<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Chris Donlay via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date: </b>Sunday, 29 December 2024 at 6:54</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span style="color:black">am<br>
<b>To: </b>lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] Lingtyp Digest, Vol 123, Issue 20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Bernat,</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">I work on Khatso, a Tibeto-Burman language spoke in a single village in Yunnan, China. I find that speakers have very limited insight into language structure. The only times I have seen any
spontaneous descriptions of language use are these:</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">-- All Khatso speakers also speak the local Mandarin dialect. When speaking to outsiders about what Khatso is like, they invariably go to the basic word order difference, since Khatso is SOV
and Mandarin SVO. This seems to be a canned response, likely because the difference is very basic and noticeable and it’s something that everyone can understand on both sides.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">-- Even in the village of 5600 people, there are two dialects. The minority dialect mainly differs in some vowel use. Everyone in the village is familiar with the difference, and each can imitate
the variety that is not their own. (Everyone is very good-natured about it; there is no standard.)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">However, speakers have no introspective ideas about Khatso morphosyntax. For example, the language has multiple multifunctional particles, but speakers are always surprised when I point out
that particle X is used in both construction A and construction B, even though both are frequent expressions used daily. Another example: the language does not have a superlative construction, just a cleft construction that connotes superlativity in certain
contexts. Speakers are surprised by this too, and, often try to hunt for an element that can be directly translated into the Mandarin superlative particle before they concede no such element exists.
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">I think the key factor here is that Khatso has no writing system and is not taught in school. Therefore, speakers are not familiar with the concept of analyzing it as a thing in the world separate
from its daily use. This is not a natural act (except for us linguists). I find the same kind of thing when I ask my native-English speaking students to describe the difference between ‘a’ and ‘the’; they are always stumped, while their 2L classmates can easily
do so. It seems to me that language structure only becomes apparent organically when it is compared to another system, like another dialect or language, and even this is only done at a superficial level.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">I’ll be interested to hear what other responses you get to your query.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Cheers,</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Chris Donlay</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">On Saturday, December 28, 2024 at 04:00:12 AM PST, lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Send Lingtyp mailing list submissions to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<a href="https://url.au.m.mimecastprotect.com/s/SeMZCK1DvKTrEPo4DsMfNI5dr9I?domain=listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">
https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">
<a href="mailto:lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">You can reach the person managing the list at<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">
<a href="mailto:lingtyp-owner@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-owner@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">than "Re: Contents of Lingtyp digest..."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Today's Topics:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"> 1. Traditional view of language and grammar in indigenous<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"> societies (Bernat Bardagil Mas)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"> 2. Re: Traditional view of language and grammar in indigenous<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"> societies (Egor Kashkin)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">----------------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Message: 1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Date: Fri, 27 Dec 2024 15:09:18 +0000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">From: Bernat Bardagil Mas <<a href="mailto:bernat.bardagil@ugent.be" target="_blank">bernat.bardagil@ugent.be</a>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">To: "lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Subject: [Lingtyp] Traditional view of language and grammar in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"> indigenous societies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Message-ID:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"> <<a href="mailto:VI1PR09MB27506785B57B26CE09327748880E2@VI1PR09MB2750.eurprd09.prod.outlook.com" target="_blank">VI1PR09MB27506785B57B26CE09327748880E2@VI1PR09MB2750.eurprd09.prod.outlook.com</a>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1252"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">As anyone working closely with indigenous languages and cultures of the Americas, we have seen multiple instances of the awareness that indigenous peoples have of
everything that surrounds them, with detailed accounts and explanations ranging from social aspects to natural or supernatural phenomena.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">We have come to wonder whether, and how frequently, this type of reflection is attested also for language ? not so much the origin of language, but its structure
and nature. Have any of you encountered anything similar to this notion among indigenous communities, regarding the structure of their own language? Or, are you aware of any mentions of something that could correspond to traces of this type of indigenous linguistic
or grammatical knowledge?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Thank you,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Bernat Bardagil i Mas & Sara Larios i Ongay<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">- -<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Bernat Bardagil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Postdoctoral researcher<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Department of Linguistics, Ghent University<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">research.flw.ugent.be/en/bernat.bardagil<<a href="https://url.au.m.mimecastprotect.com/s/Gr4pCL7EwMfYjVWQkCqhmIylD2B?domain=research.flw.ugent.be" target="_blank">https://research.flw.ugent.be/en/bernat.bardagil</a>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Message: 2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Date: Sat, 28 Dec 2024 12:04:32 +0300<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">From: Egor Kashkin <<a href="mailto:egorka1988@gmail.com" target="_blank">egorka1988@gmail.com</a>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">To: Bernat Bardagil Mas <<a href="mailto:bernat.bardagil@ugent.be" target="_blank">bernat.bardagil@ugent.be</a>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Cc: "lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Traditional view of language and grammar in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"> indigenous societies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Message-ID:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"> <CALKwh=hzauKHwgT+bgYt5-+XvH6ZgmYOMBHyQyfPJRdsAnqooA@mail.gmail.com><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Dear Bernat,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">I have fieldwork experience with the dialects of some Uralic languages<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">in Russia. Maybe the following observations are of interest for you:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">-- My consultants usually have some knowledge of the standard language<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">(e.g. they learnt it at school, follow the mass media etc.), and there<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">may be stereotypes about some structural patterns, e.g. basic word<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">order. Or as one of my Hill Mari consultants (a school teacher) told<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">me: "Whatever stands in Russian sits in Hill Mari". She meant that in<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Russian the verb 'stand' has a wide range of uses in the posture<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">domain, whereas in Hill Mari the posture predicate with the widest use<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">is 'sit'. They are often translational equivalents to each other, but<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">in fact not in 100% of cases.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">-- Of course, consultants often hypothesize about the difference<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">between quasi-synonymous forms or structures. Sometimes this gives a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">researcher some hints, sometimes not (e.g. stereotypical terms such as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">"present tense" or "past tense" can be used as a memory from school,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">but this may contradict both the data and the linguistically correct<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">use of such terms).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">-- They often notice some differences between their dialect and the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">standard language, or between different dialects, mainly in phonetics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">or in the lexicon ("when we pronounce ?, in the standard language<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">there is i?"). Probably this can mark whether a speaker is "ours" or<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">"not ours". At the same time one should be careful with such<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">statements, as they can be made in order to find a reasonable (albeit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">false) explanation for ungrammatical stimuli during elicitation. For<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">example, speakers of Izhma Komi sometimes comment on ungrammatical<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">sentences by saying that "it is possible in Standard Komi" (or, as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">they say, "??? ? ???? ???? ???????" -- "People can say so in the Komi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Soviet Republic"), but in fact it is not.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">-- Some consultants have judgements about the contact-induced nature<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">of some linguistic phenomena. For example, in Udmurt there are complex<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">predicates which probably replicate a Turkic pattern. One of my<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">consultants (who works as a dentist) told me that such constructions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">copy Tatar structures and gave some parallel examples from Tatar (many<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Udmurt speakers in this area speak or at least understand Tatar).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Egor Kashkin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">??, 27 ???. 2024??. ? 18:09, Bernat Bardagil Mas via Lingtyp<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> As anyone working closely with indigenous languages and cultures of the Americas, we have seen multiple instances of the awareness that indigenous peoples have
of everything that surrounds them, with detailed accounts and explanations ranging from social aspects to natural or supernatural phenomena.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> We have come to wonder whether, and how frequently, this type of reflection is attested also for language ? not so much the origin of language, but its structure
and nature. Have any of you encountered anything similar to this notion among indigenous communities, regarding the structure of their own language? Or, are you aware of any mentions of something that could correspond to traces of this type of indigenous linguistic
or grammatical knowledge?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> Thank you,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> Bernat Bardagil i Mas & Sara Larios i Ongay<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> - -<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> Bernat Bardagil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> Postdoctoral researcher<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> Department of Linguistics, Ghent University<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> research.flw.ugent.be/en/bernat.bardagil<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> _______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">> Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">>
<a href="https://url.au.m.mimecastprotect.com/s/SeMZCK1DvKTrEPo4DsMfNI5dr9I?domain=listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">
https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Subject: Digest Footer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><a href="https://url.au.m.mimecastprotect.com/s/SeMZCK1DvKTrEPo4DsMfNI5dr9I?domain=listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">End of Lingtyp Digest, Vol 123, Issue 20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A">****************************************<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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