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Dear all, dear Juergen,
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<div class="">Thanks for this – yes, Passmore et al. (2021) is a very good source. One of the problems with the earlier anthropological studies on kinship taxonomies is that most of the underlying data is not accessible, and the linguistic analysis is not always
clear.</div>
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<div class="">Re enantiosemy: I would recommend two articles that may be (or in fact are) quite relevant for Juergen’s thoughts:</div>
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<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""> – <span style="text-indent: -2em;" class="">Shmelev, Alexei. “3. Semantic Shifts as Sources of Enantiosemy.” In
</span><i style="text-indent: -2em;" class="">The Lexical Typology of Semantic Shifts</i><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class="">, edited by Päivi Juvonen and Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, 67–94. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2016.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/9783110377675-003" style="text-indent: -2em;" class="">https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/9783110377675-003</a>, and</div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""> – <span style="text-indent: -2em;" class="">Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, Matti Miestamo, and Carl Börstell. “A Cross-Linguistic Study of Lexical and Derived Antonymy,” Linguistics, 62, no. 6 (2024): 1417–72.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2023-0140" style="text-indent: -2em;" class="">https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2023-0140</a><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class="">.</span></div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>Abstract:
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class="">Antonymy is the lexical relation of opposition. The nature of the oppositeness may differ – e.g., contradictory (‘true’–‘false’) or gradable (‘tall’–‘short’) – and there may
be variation as to the relationship in their formal encoding, whether the antonyms are expressed as distinct lexical forms (e.g.,
<i class="">true </i>vs. <i class="">false</i>) or if one form is derived from the other (e.g.,
<i class="">true </i>vs. <i class="">untrue</i>). We investigate the relationship between the two members of 37 antonym pairs across 55 spoken languages in order to see whether there are patterns in how antonymy is expressed and which of the two antonym members
is more likely to be derived from the other. We find great variation in the extent to which languages use derivation (labeled “neg-constructed forms”) as an antonym-formation strategy. However, when we do find a derived form, this tends to target the member
of the pair that is either lower in valence (positive vs. negative) or magnitude (more vs. less), in line with our hypotheses. We also find that antonyms that belong to a core set of property concepts are more likely to encode antonyms as distinct lexical
forms, whereas peripheral concepts are relatively more likely to encode the antonyms with derived forms.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span> </span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>In Koptjevskaja-Tamm et al. (2024) we show that ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ are basically encoded as two completely different
lexemes in all the spoken languages we have looked at (and the same is confirmed by the data in my edited volume on “The linguistics of temperature”). </span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>Sign languages show some differences from spoken languages in their strategies for expressing antonymic relations:</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>– </span><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class="">Börstell, Carl, and Ryan Lepic. “Spatial Metaphors in Antonym
Pairs across Sign Languages.” </span><i style="text-indent: -2em;" class="">Sign Language & Linguistics</i><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class=""> 23, no. 1–2 (2020): 112–41.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1075/sll.00046.bor" style="text-indent: -2em;" class="">https://doi.org/10.1075/sll.00046.bor</a><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class="">.</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>Best,</span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>Masha</span></div>
<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 1.35; margin-left: 2em; text-indent:-2em;">
<span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fsll.00046.bor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spatial%20metaphors%20in%20antonym%20pairs%20across%20sign%20languages&rft.jtitle=Sign%20Language%20%26%20Linguistics&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6rstell&rft.au=Carl%20B%C3%B6rstell&rft.au=Ryan%20Lepic&rft.date=2020&rft.pages=112%E2%80%93141&rft.spage=112&rft.epage=141"></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""><span style="text-indent: -2em;" class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span></span></div>
<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 1.35; margin-left: 2em; text-indent:-2em;">
<span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fling-2023-0140&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A%20cross-linguistic%20study%20of%20lexical%20and%20derived%20antonymy&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=6&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.aulast=Koptjevskaja-Tamm&rft.au=Maria%20Koptjevskaja-Tamm&rft.au=Matti%20Miestamo&rft.au=Carl%20B%C3%B6rstell&rft.date=2024&rft.pages=1417-1472&rft.spage=1417&rft.epage=1472"></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;" class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 1.35; margin-left: 2em; text-indent:-2em;">
<span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_id=urn%3Aisbn%3A978-3-11-037767-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.%20Semantic%20shifts%20as%20sources%20of%20enantiosemy&rft.place=Berlin%2C%20Boston&rft.publisher=De%20Gruyter%20Mouton&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft.aulast=Shmelev&rft.au=Alexei%20Shmelev&rft.au=P%C3%A4ivi%20Juvonen&rft.au=Maria%20Koptjevskaja-Tamm&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=67%E2%80%9394&rft.spage=67&rft.epage=94&rft.isbn=978-3-11-037767-5"></span></div>
<div><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Feb 1, 2025, at 22:47, Juergen Bohnemeyer <<a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" class="">jb77@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;">
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">
<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Dear all – First, a quick comment on kinship nomenclature, and then let me briefly discuss another hypothetical constraint on colexification.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">
<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">
<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">I’ve been teaching Ling Anth for 20 years, and I always spend a class or two on Morgan’s classification and its influence on the history of cognitive anthropology (chiefly via Lounsbury 1964, from which Rosch
indirectly got her notion of ‘prototype’, mediated via Berlin & Kay 1969).<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">
<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">
<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">But all this time, I’ve had my doubts about the validity of Morgan’s classification. Perfect exponents of the six types are fairly rare; I’m pretty sure (though can’t quantitatively verify this) that there are
more imperfect than perfect instances, certainly across the six types, but maybe even for every single type.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">
<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">
<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Now, as a typologist, I wouldn’t worry about all those imperfect matches – if it wasn’t for the fact that Morgan’s six types aren’t actually based on a comprehensive classification of logically possible systems.
It seems that he first realized the contrast between the ‘Eskimo’ (= modern European) and ‘Iroquoian’ types (he famously worked as a lawyer for members of the Seneca nation right around my adopted hometown of Rochester, NY) and then developed the other four
types in contrast to those two.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">
<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">
<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Anyway, the tl;dr: I just recently came across<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352203219_Kin_Against_Kin_Internal_Co-selection_and_the_Coherence_of_Kinship_Typologies" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">Passmore
et al. (2021)</a>, which seems to support my suspicion that Morgan’s typology is deficient. Passmore and colleagues show that Morgan’s classification doesn’t robustly support intergenerational inferences: that is, knowing a language’s classification in one
generation (say, Ego’s generation, or the first ascending or descending generation), the predictive value for the same language’s classification in another generation is only moderate to fairly low.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">
<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Of course, this doesn’t necessarily mean that a superior typology is possible. Maybe that’s just how messy kinship nomenclatures are, especially considering that research on the relative diachronic stability
of different systems seems to still be in its infancy today.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Now, a possible soft constraint on colexification that I’ve been interested in for a while concerns the phenomenon variously known as<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contronym" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">contronymy</a>,
enantiosemy, or autoantonymy. It basically involves lexemes with antonymic senses. (Importantly, these senses should occur synchronically and be used by the same speakers. So we’re not talking about semantic change between antonymic senses, as in
the case of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">peruse<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>discussed in unpublished work by David Wilkins. But it could well be that incomplete semantic change is one source of contronymy.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">A well-worn example is<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">cleave</i>, for which the OED has both ‘To part or divide by a cutting blow; to hew asunder; to split’ and ‘To stick fast or adhere,
as by a glutinous surface’. The former sense goes back to OE<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">clíofan</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>or<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">cléofan</i>, the latter to
OE<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">clífan</i>/<i class="">clifian</i>/<i class="">cleofian</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(all forms appear to be attested).<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">I would argue that these senses are merely imperfect antonyms (specifically, imperfect reversives). More importantly, the second sense occurs with much lower frequency than the first and is associated with a
distinct argument structure, as it requires a<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">to</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>complement, which the first sense does not occur with.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">A better case in point – and one that has long confused me as an L2 speaker – is arguably<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">sanction</i>. For this, the OED has on the one hand ‘To ratify
or confirm by sanction or solemn enactment; to invest with legal or sovereign authority; to make valid or binding’, ‘To permit authoritatively; to authorize; in looser use, to countenance, encourage by express or implied approval’, but also ‘To enforce (a
law, legal obligation, etc.) by attaching a penalty to transgression’ and ‘To impose sanctions upon (a person), to penalize’.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Here, the two senses are not differentiated by argument structure. But we’re also dealing with a different antonymy relation – presumably one of cohyponymy.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">So there seems to be no question that contronymy really exists. But it’s equally clear that contronymy is rare. And it seems intuitively obvious why it’s rare: because it gives rise to confusion and misunderstandings.
What is very much in question in my mind is under what conditions contronymy nevertheless occurs.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">A possible boundary case we discussed here on Lingtyp not too long ago is colexification of ‘hot’ and ‘cold’. Is it possible for such a lexeme to be communicatively useful? As I pointed out in that thread, it
might simply be used to mean effectively something like ‘noticeably distinct from body temperature.’<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class="">Best – Juergen<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br class="">
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br class="">
University at Buffalo <br class="">
<br class="">
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br class="">
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br class="">
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br class="">
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br class="">
Email: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 120, 212);" class="">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica;" class=""><br class="">
Web: </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class="">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica;" class=""> <br class="">
<br class="">
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica;" class=""><br class="">
<br class="">
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br class="">
(Leonard Cohen) </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">-- <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "CMU Serif";" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<b class=""><span style="" class="">From:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span style="" class="">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of Alex Francois via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">
<b class="">Date:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Saturday, February 1, 2025 at 14:00<br class="">
<b class="">To:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm <<a href="mailto:tamm@ling.su.se" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">tamm@ling.su.se</a>><br class="">
<b class="">Cc:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">
<b class="">Subject:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">dear all,<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">I was going to make the same point as Guillaume. Many languages in the world colexify Father with<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Father's brother</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(F=FB)
- also known in English as<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">paternal uncle</i>. However, the usual implication of such systems is that F=FB is dislexified from<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">maternal uncle</i> (Mother's
brother, MB).<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">[Note: I coined the term<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">dislexify</i> in my 2022 paper "<a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfs-2021-2041/html" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">Lexical
tectonics: Mapping structural change in patterns of lexification</a>"]</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<b class=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">Vanuatu systems</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">The pattern {F=FB}≠{MB} is the most common one in Pacific societies. Thus in Vanuatu, I use different terms, and have different sorts of interactions, with my (classificatory) fathers vs. with my uncles
[MB].<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">I here use Eng. <i class="">father(s)</i> to refer to the emic category F=FB, and <i class="">uncle(s)</i> for MB, i.e. whatever term is distinct from <i class="">father</i>. The creole Bislama does
the same: calquing the vernacular substrates, <i class="">ankel </i>exclusively refers to MB, whereas<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">papa</i> is both used for F and FB.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">This system is known, in Morgan's 1871 kinship typology, as the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">Iroquois system</a>"
(or its Crow & Omaha variants):<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><span id="cid:ii_m6mjqsv45"><image.png></span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">For comparison, European languages usually belong to Morgan's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">Eskimo system</a>:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span id="cid:ii_m6mjs29d6"><image.png></span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">Systems where F=FB=MB are rare in the world, but they do exist. They correspond to Morgan's <i class="">Hawaiian kinship system</i>:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><span id="cid:ii_m6mjmml84"><image.png></span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">(Outside of Melanesia, Zygmunt mentioned that F=MB in some Chadic languages; I assume that the term also includes FB, and so those systems are Hawaiian.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">I don't know any language in Vanuatu that has Hawaiian-like terminology, i.e. would colexify F=FB=MB. The dislexification F(B)≠MB is usually perceived as essential: while maternal uncles might be described
in English figuratively as a kind of "social father", the point of the Iroquois / Crow system is precisely that they are distinct from actual fathers and their brothers.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">In (at least some parts of) Vanuatu, this principle is linked to matrilineal transmission of land rights: I own the same land as my mother and her brothers, but not the same land as my fathers.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">________<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<b class=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">Men vs. women referents</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">The Iroquois system (at least in Vanuatu societies) usually works symmetrically for women:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">My mother's sisters are my (classificatory) mothers; but my father's sisters are my "aunts" -- i.e. there's a special term dislexified from<i class="">mother </i>(sometimes derived from<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">mother</i>,
but distinct from it). Also, the word for <i class="">aunt<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>is also used for my<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">maternal uncle</i>'s wife; but my<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">paternal
uncle'</i>s wife is simply my mother. Using kinship abbreviations (where Z='sister'), we have {M=MZ=FBW} on the one hand, and {FZ=MBW} on the other.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">We could say that the Iroquois system follows a principle of dislexification between 1/ the terms for parents and 2/ the term for parents' cross-sex siblings.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">I have found some exceptions though, when the referents are women: <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;" class=""><span class="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">e.g.
in Teanu (Solomons), the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Teanu/e.htm#%E2%93%94ete" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">word<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></a><i class=""><a href="https://dictionaria.clld.org/units/teanu-ete_1" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">ete</a></i> colexifies M=MZ=FZ=FBW=MBW;
whereas for males, <i class=""><a href="https://dictionaria.clld.org/units/teanu-aia_1" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">aia</a></i> 'father' [F=FB=MZH] is still dislexified from<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">gea</i> 'uncle'
[MB]. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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also observed this unexpected colexification {M=MZ=FZ=FBW=MBW} in 3 languages of N Vanuatu, namely Hiw, Lo-Toga, Lakon.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">In other terms, in the Pacific languages I've observed, the <i class="">principle of dislexification between parents and their cross-sex siblings</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>is absolute
for male referents, but only a statistical trend for female referents.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">This observation is confirmed by Fox (2021) for Austronesian languages more generally:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;" class=""><span class="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">Fox,
James J. 2021. A research note on laterality and lineality in Austronesian relationship terminologies.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Oceania</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>91.3 (2021): 367-374. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5317" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">doi</a>]<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">What I don't think exists, though, are languages that colexify F with MB and not with FB. Like Guillaume and Masha, I would be very intrigued if these were found. (For women, the same surprise would
occur if M colexified with FZ, but not with MZ.)<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">Kinship systems, due to their inherent constraints, can surely provide other examples of impossible patterns of lexification. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">best<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class="">Alex</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<p style="margin-left: 0.5in;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; color: rgb(69, 129, 142);" class="">Alex François</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="text-decoration: none;" class="">LaTTiCe</span></a> — <a href="https://www.cnrs.fr/en" target="_blank" title="ENS" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">CNRS–</span></a><a href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" target="_blank" title="ENS" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">ENS</span></a>–<a href="https://www.psl.eu/en" target="_blank" title="ENS" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">PSL</span></a>–<a href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" target="_blank" title="ENS" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">Sorbonne
nouvelle</span></a><br class="">
<a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">Australian National University</span></a></span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-decoration: none;" class="">Personal
homepage</span></a></span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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From:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><strong class=""><span style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;" class="">Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm via Lingtyp</span></strong><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">
Date: Sat, 1 Feb 2025 at 18:19<br class="">
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation<br class="">
To: Guillaume Jacques <<a href="mailto:rgyalrongskad@gmail.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">rgyalrongskad@gmail.com</a>><br class="">
Cc:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Dear all, dear Guillaume,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Thanks for your input on the alleged kin term universal. Guillaume is completely right in what he writes about its claim – mea culpa, I should have made this clearer from the start. <o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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I would be interested in getting more information on whether it holds – or whether there are examples going in the direction of Östen’s “guess”.<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Best,<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Masha<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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On Feb 1, 2025, at 17:43, Guillaume Jacques via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Dear all,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Concerning the universal on kinship terms that Masha was mentioning, the claim is not that no language can colexify Father (F) and Mother's Brother (MB), but rather that<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">if</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>F=MB<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">then</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>F=MB=FB
(Father's Brother), in other words you don't have a language colexifying F and MB and dislexifying FB from them (F=MB≠FB). I think that this is a very robust universal, which brings important evidence for the general principles of the evolution of kinship
systems. <o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Best wishes,<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Guillaume<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Le sam. 1 févr. 2025 à 17:19, Östen Dahl via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> a écrit :<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Dear all,</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">With regard to the claim that 'father' and 'mother's brother' cannot be colexified, consider the following quotation from the Wikipedia article on "Matrilineality":</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">"While a mother normally takes care of her own children in all cultures, in some matrilineal cultures an "uncle-father" will take care of his nieces and nephews instead: in other words *social fathers* here are uncles."</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">That is, fathers and maternal uncles are similar in that they can both play the role of "social fathers"; it is not unthinkable that a language spoken in a society on the borderline between patrilineality and matrilineality
will lexify the concept "social father". What this shows is that the criterion of cognitive complexity can lead you in the wrong direction. In fact, kinship terms sometimes unite relationships which are tricky to give a common definition, such as "brother-in-law"
in English.</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;" class=""><span class="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class=""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" class="">Östen</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<b class=""><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Från:</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">För<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Martin
Haspelmath via Lingtyp<br class="">
<b class="">Skickat:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>den 1 februari 2025 16:40<br class="">
<b class="">Till:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<b class="">Ämne:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<p style="margin-left: 0.5in;" class="">Dear Masha and others,<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 0.5in;" class="">In addition to "cognitive complexity", one may also consider frequency of use as constraining lexification.<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 0.5in;" class="">For example, 'female wolf' is not more cognitively complex than 'female horse' (English<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">mare</i>, contrasting with<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">stallion</i>),
but gender/sex is less commonly mentioned in connection with wild animals than with domestic animals, so English does not dislexify 'male wolf' and 'female wolf'.<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 0.5in;" class="">In my 2023<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Frontiers</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>paper, I suggested that some important lexification tendencies can be explained with reference
to root length possibilities: Roots are typically 1-2 syllables long, so when a meaning is not frequent enough, it needs more syllables and hence multiple morphs:<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
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Haspelmath, Martin. 2023. Coexpression and synexpression patterns across languages: Comparative concepts and possible explanations.<i class="">Frontiers in Psychology</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>14. (doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1236853" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1236853</a>)<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<p style="margin-left: 0.5in;" class="">(The paper also cites David Gil's 1992 paper.)<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 0.5in;" class="">Incidentally, it seems that "lexification" is clearer than "lexicalization", because the latter is used in multiple meanings (see my 2024 paper, §7:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.peren-revues.fr/lexique/1737" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">https://www.peren-revues.fr/lexique/1737</a>).<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 0.5in;" class="">Best,<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-left: 0.5in;" class="">Martin<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
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On 01.02.25 12:40, David Gil via Lingtyp wrote:<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Hi Masha,<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Some examples from the semantic domain of quantification can be found here:<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class="">Gil, David (1992) "Scopal Quantifiers: Some Universals of Lexical Effability", in M. Kefer and J. van der Auwera eds.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Meaning and Grammar,
Cross-Linguistic Perspectives</i>, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 303-345.</span><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
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Best wishes,<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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David<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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On Sat, Feb 1, 2025 at 5:29<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""> </span>PM Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
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Dear all,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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I am involved in a handbook chapter in which I would like to give a few examples of suggested universal constraints on lexicalisation, e.g., those primarily concerning meanings that should not be expressible in a word (a stem, root or whatever), preferably
not from the domain of colour terms. To give an example, Rappaport Hovav and Levin (2010) argue that no verb encodes both manner and result simultaneously, which has been contested by Beavers and Koontz-Garbodens.<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Or, a definition of a term covering both ‘father’ and ‘mother’s brother’ would be cognitively very complex since it will require disjunction (‘father’ or ‘mother’s brother’, cf. ‘male relative of one’s patriline’ for ‘father’ and ‘father’s brother’) (Evans
2001) – I don’t know if this constraint still holds.<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Many thanks and all the best,<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Masha<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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Prof. Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm<br class="">
Dept. of linguistics, Stockholm university, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden<br class="">
Editor-in-chief of “Linguistic Typology”<o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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President-Elect of Societas Linguistic Europaea<br class="">
<a href="http://www.ling.su.se/tamm" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">www.ling.su.se/tamm</a><br class="">
<a href="mailto:tamm@ling.su.se" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">tamm@ling.su.se</a><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
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<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class="">David Gil<o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class="">Senior Scientist (Associate)<o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class="">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution<o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class="">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class="">Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany<o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class="">Email: <a href="mailto:dapiiiiit@gmail.com" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">dapiiiiit@gmail.com</a><o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
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<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class="">Martin Haspelmath<o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class="">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology<o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class="">Deutscher Platz 6<o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class="">D-04103 Leipzig<o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
<pre style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";" class=""><a href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/</a><o:p class=""></o:p></pre>
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Directeur de recherches<br class="">
CNRS (CRLAO) - EPHE- INALCO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://cnrs.academia.edu/GuillaumeJacques" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/295</a><o:p class=""></o:p></div>
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<span style="" class="">Prof. Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm<br class="">
Dept. of linguistics, Stockholm university, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden<br class="">
Editor-in-chief of “Linguistic Typology”<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="" class="">President-Elect of Societas Linguistic Europaea<br class="">
<a href="http://www.ling.su.se/tamm" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">www.ling.su.se/tamm</a><br class="">
<a href="mailto:tamm@ling.su.se" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">tamm@ling.su.se</a><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
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Prof. Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm<br class="">
Dept. of linguistics, Stockholm university, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden<br class="">
Editor-in-chief of “Linguistic Typology”</div>
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President-Elect of Societas Linguistic Europaea<br class="">
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tamm@ling.su.se<br class="">
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