<div dir="ltr"><div>Dear Joseph,</div><div><br></div><div>One term for (at least some of) what you have described would be <i>para-hypotaxis</i>, introduced to typology in this paper (following traditional usage for studies as especially a stylistic device in historical usage of European languages):</div><div>Bertinetto, Pier Marco & Luca Ciucci. 2012. Parataxis, Hypotaxis and Para-Hypotaxis in the Zamucoan Languages. Linguistic Discovery 10(1). 89–111. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.404" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.404</a></div><div><br></div><div>Also surveyed cross-linguistically in this presentation:</div><div>Ross, Daniel, Jesús Olguín Martínez & Luca Ciucci. 2018. Para-hypotaxis in the world’s languages: A cross-linguistic survey. Presented at Syntax of the World’s Languages (SWL) 8, INALCO, Paris, September 4, 2018. <a href="https://swl8.sciencesconf.org/data/pages/Ross_etal_PH_SWL_1.pdf" target="_blank">https://swl8.sciencesconf.org/data/pages/Ross_etal_PH_SWL_1.pdf</a></div><div><br></div><div>Note that Amele switch-reference plus conjunctions is mentioned on slide 25.<br></div><div><br></div><div>The typological survey is also discussed in chapter 3 of my dissertation:</div><div>Ross, Daniel. 2021. Pseudocoordination, Serial Verb Constructions and Multi-Verb Predicates: The relationship between form and structure. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Ph.D. dissertation. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5546425" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5546425</a></div><div><br></div><div>Specifically, para-hypotaxis is when parataxis/coordination and hypotaxis/subordination are overtly mixed in a single clause-combining strategy. By this definition, hypotaxis could include switch-reference marking plus a coordinator for parataxis blended in the same construction.</div><div><br></div><div>Note that other possible combinations of conjunctions or other markers of clause-combining are not strictly included in the definition of para-hypotaxis, including:</div><div>1. Correlatives in general if we they aren't analyzed as "parataxis"+"hypotaxis".</div><div>2. Doubling of coordinators, e.g. "and so", "and yet" in English, or wa lakin 'but' (lit. 'and but') in Arabic, or similarly conjunction pairs like "not only..... but...".<br></div><div>3. Doubling of subordinators, e.g. preposition-related subordinators plus que 'that' in Spanish such as para que 'in order to' (lit. 'for that'). [Another analysis might be preferable here, but I just mentioned this for illustrative purposes. There are probably better examples.] Even more broadly, we could consider for example subordinate moods (e.g. subjunctives) plus complementizers to be some kind of "doubling", or is that some kind of agreement, or something else?<br></div><div>3b. There are also instances of subordinators combined with non-finite verbs (I think some of the examples summarized in Hannah's reply are probably of this type in the recent clause-chaining volume).<br></div><div><div>3c. For example doubly-suffixed non-finite verb forms such as a
nominalized verb form further suffixed with a case-like suffix for
adverbial functions.</div><div><br></div></div><div>On the diachrony of converbs related to (3c), and another mention of para-hypotaxis, see also:</div><div>Ross, Daniel. 2025. The life cycle of converbs: A diachronic typology. In Paola Cotticelli-Kurras, Eystein Dahl & Jelena Živojinović (eds.), Diachronic, Typological, and Areal Aspects of Converbs, 317–360. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111335551-012" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111335551-012</a></div><div><br></div><div>There are definitional questions that come up when we try to categorize doubling (stacking, co-occurrence, etc.), which I think often suggest a diachronic perspective for analysis. For example, para-hypotaxis can be introduced via language contact (e.g. in a language with clause-chaining plus borrowed conjunctions). Otherwise, whether it counts as "doubling" might depend on whether we consider form (two morphemes) or function (one clause-combining function, or more?).<br></div><div><br></div><div>Daniel Ross</div><div>UC Riverside</div><div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Jan 31, 2025 at 2:22 AM Joseph Brooks via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Hi,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">I'm wondering if anyone could point me to any sources or have that report on clause linker stacking/co-occurrence of clause linkers in a single clause. Esp looking for examples from languages with clause chaining and/or switch reference where linker stacking occurs in one or more constructions. (Unpublished examples also welcome). </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Roberts' 1997 (137, 194) work on switch reference in languages of New Guinea claims that for languages with clause chaining, co-occurrence of markers is found exclusively in New Guinea, and even then only in a handful of languages. Wade 1997 is the only paper I know of that focuses on this topic explicitly, for the Apalɨ language.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Thanks,<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Joseph<br></div></div>
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