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Another enantiosemy reference is Giulio Lepschy (1981). <i>Enantiosemy and irony in Italian lexis</i>. The Italianist 1: 82-88.</div>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</div>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">Linguistics & English Language<br>
School of Arts, Languages and Cultures<br>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">The University of Manchester</div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 13px;">https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html</span></div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Juergen Bohnemeyer via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 02 February 2025 4:07 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Greville Corbett <g.corbett@surrey.ac.uk>; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation</font>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Wow, thanks for pointing this out, Greg! I had a quick look at the first volume, and my initial impression is that Lutzeier accepts any two senses that are merely incompatible with one another, i.e.,
that cannot simultaneously be true of the same referent. Example:</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Aas+geier</span></i></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">carrion+vulture</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">‘vulture’ / ‘exploiter’</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">I would not consider this a proper autoantonym. But, there are definitely many examples of bonafide autoantonyms in Lutzeier’s work. Very cool!</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">(And kudos to de Gruyter for publishing this in three volumes!)</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica; color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica; color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica; color:black"><br>
Web: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/*jb77/__;fg!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsvSvrgO1A$" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica; color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span>
[acsu.buffalo.edu]</a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica; color:black"> <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica; color:black"><br>
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There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"></span></p>
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<b><span style="color:black">From: </span></b><span style="color:black">Greville Corbett <g.corbett@surrey.ac.uk><br>
<b>Date: </b>Saturday, February 1, 2025 at 17:25<br>
<b>To: </b>Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77@buffalo.edu>, lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Dear Juergen, Dear All, </p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Interesting as ever, thank you. </p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Contronymy may not be as rare as we assume. Peter Lutzeier has a dictionary of this - he calls it Gegensinn - for German, which extends to three volumes.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica; color:black"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.degruyter.com/serial/lwg-b/html?lang=de&srsltid=AfmBOoqJMbI49lCVq9eMuKfNZyU8XrNsiBt9GDlNpyK1UpQd_s4A-cMi__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsvwgxlGsw$"><span style="color:#272727; text-decoration:none">Wörterbuch
des Gegensinns im Deutschen</span> [degruyter.com]</a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Helvetica; color:black"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.degruyter.com/serial/lwg-b/html?lang=de&srsltid=AfmBOoqJMbI49lCVq9eMuKfNZyU8XrNsiBt9GDlNpyK1UpQd_s4A-cMi__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsvwgxlGsw$"><span style="color:gray; text-decoration:none">degruyter.com</span>
[degruyter.com]</a></span><span style="font-size:8.5pt; font-family:Helvetica"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Very best</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Grev</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">On 1 Feb 2025, at 21:47, Juergen Bohnemeyer via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org> wrote:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear all – First, a quick comment on kinship nomenclature, and then let me briefly discuss another hypothetical constraint on colexification.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">I’ve been teaching Ling Anth for 20 years, and I always spend a class or two on Morgan’s classification and its influence on the history of cognitive anthropology (chiefly
via Lounsbury 1964, from which Rosch indirectly got her notion of ‘prototype’, mediated via Berlin & Kay 1969).</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">But all this time, I’ve had my doubts about the validity of Morgan’s classification. Perfect exponents of the six types are fairly rare; I’m pretty sure (though can’t quantitatively
verify this) that there are more imperfect than perfect instances, certainly across the six types, but maybe even for every single type.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Now, as a typologist, I wouldn’t worry about all those imperfect matches – if it wasn’t for the fact that Morgan’s six types aren’t actually based on a comprehensive classification
of logically possible systems. It seems that he first realized the contrast between the ‘Eskimo’ (= modern European) and ‘Iroquoian’ types (he famously worked as a lawyer for members of the Seneca nation right around my adopted hometown of Rochester, NY) and
then developed the other four types in contrast to those two.<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Anyway, the tl;dr: I just recently came across<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352203219_Kin_Against_Kin_Internal_Co-selection_and_the_Coherence_of_Kinship_Typologies__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFss_7m_UrQ$">Passmore
et al. (2021) [researchgate.net]</a>, which seems to support my suspicion that Morgan’s typology is deficient. Passmore and colleagues show that Morgan’s classification doesn’t robustly support intergenerational inferences: that is, knowing a language’s classification
in one generation (say, Ego’s generation, or the first ascending or descending generation), the predictive value for the same language’s classification in another generation is only moderate to fairly low.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Of course, this doesn’t necessarily mean that a superior typology is possible. Maybe that’s just how messy kinship nomenclatures are, especially considering that research
on the relative diachronic stability of different systems seems to still be in its infancy today.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Now, a possible soft constraint on colexification that I’ve been interested in for a while concerns the phenomenon variously known as<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contronym__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsv0ckGkWg$">contronymy
[en.wikipedia.org]</a>, enantiosemy, or autoantonymy. It basically involves lexemes with antonymic senses. (Importantly, these senses should occur synchronically and be used by the same speakers. So we’re not talking about semantic change between
antonymic senses, as in the case of<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>peruse<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></i>discussed in unpublished work by David Wilkins. But it could well be that incomplete semantic change is one source of
contronymy.)</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">A well-worn example is<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>cleave</i>, for which the OED has both ‘To part or divide by a cutting blow; to hew asunder; to split’
and ‘To stick fast or adhere, as by a glutinous surface’. The former sense goes back to OE<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>clíofan</i><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>or<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>cléofan</i>,
the latter to OE<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>clífan</i>/<i>clifian</i>/<i>cleofian</i><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>(all forms appear to be attested).</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">I would argue that these senses are merely imperfect antonyms (specifically, imperfect reversives). More importantly, the second sense occurs with much lower frequency than
the first and is associated with a distinct argument structure, as it requires a<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>to</i><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>complement, which the first sense does not occur with.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">A better case in point – and one that has long confused me as an L2 speaker – is arguably<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>sanction</i>. For this, the OED has
on the one hand ‘To ratify or confirm by sanction or solemn enactment; to invest with legal or sovereign authority; to make valid or binding’, ‘To permit authoritatively; to authorize; in looser use, to countenance, encourage by express or implied approval’,
but also ‘To enforce (a law, legal obligation, etc.) by attaching a penalty to transgression’ and ‘To impose sanctions upon (a person), to penalize’.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Here, the two senses are not differentiated by argument structure. But we’re also dealing with a different antonymy relation – presumably one of cohyponymy.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">So there seems to be no question that contronymy really exists. But it’s equally clear that contronymy is rare. And it seems intuitively obvious why it’s rare: because it
gives rise to confusion and misunderstandings. What is very much in question in my mind is under what conditions contronymy nevertheless occurs.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">A possible boundary case we discussed here on Lingtyp not too long ago is colexification of ‘hot’ and ‘cold’. Is it possible for such a lexeme to be communicatively useful?
As I pointed out in that thread, it might simply be used to mean effectively something like ‘noticeably distinct from body temperature.’</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica; color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica"><br>
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There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">-- </span></p>
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<b>From:<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Alex Francois via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date:<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Saturday, February 1, 2025 at 14:00<br>
<b>To:<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm <tamm@ling.su.se><br>
<b>Cc:<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></b>lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">dear all,</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">I was going to make the same point as Guillaume. Many languages in the world colexify Father with<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Father's brother</i><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>(F=FB)
- also known in English as<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>paternal uncle</i>. However, the usual implication of such systems is that F=FB is dislexified from<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>maternal uncle</i> (Mother's brother,
MB).</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[Note: I coined the term<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>dislexify</i> in my 2022 paper "<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfs-2021-2041/html__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsvKLF6s3w$">Lexical
tectonics: Mapping structural change in patterns of lexification [degruyter.com]</a>"]</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Vanuatu systems</span></b></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">The pattern {F=FB}≠{MB} is the most common one in Pacific societies. Thus in Vanuatu, I use different terms, and have different sorts of interactions, with my (classificatory)
fathers vs. with my uncles [MB].</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">I here use Eng. <i>father(s)</i> to refer to the emic category F=FB, and <i>uncle(s)</i> for MB, i.e. whatever term is distinct from <i>father</i>. The creole Bislama
does the same: calquing the vernacular substrates, <i>ankel </i>exclusively refers to MB, whereas<i>papa</i> is both used for F and FB.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">This system is known, in Morgan's 1871 kinship typology, as the "<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_kinship__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsvadnl0hA$">Iroquois
system [en.wikipedia.org]</a>" (or its Crow & Omaha variants):</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">For comparison, European languages usually belong to Morgan's <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo_kinship__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFss5vXogRQ$">Eskimo
system [en.wikipedia.org]</a>:</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Systems where F=FB=MB are rare in the world, but they do exist. They correspond to Morgan's <i>Hawaiian kinship system</i>:</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">(Outside of Melanesia, Zygmunt mentioned that F=MB in some Chadic languages; I assume that the term also includes FB, and so those systems are Hawaiian.)</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">I don't know any language in Vanuatu that has Hawaiian-like terminology, i.e. would colexify F=FB=MB. The dislexification F(B)≠MB is usually perceived as essential:
while maternal uncles might be described in English figuratively as a kind of "social father", the point of the Iroquois / Crow system is precisely that they are distinct from actual fathers and their brothers.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">In (at least some parts of) Vanuatu, this principle is linked to matrilineal transmission of land rights: I own the same land as my mother and her brothers, but
not the same land as my fathers.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">________</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Men vs. women referents</span></b></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">The Iroquois system (at least in Vanuatu societies) usually works symmetrically for women:</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">My mother's sisters are my (classificatory) mothers; but my father's sisters are my "aunts" -- i.e. there's a special term dislexified from<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>mother </i>(sometimes
derived from<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>mother</i>, but distinct from it). Also, the word for <i>aunt<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></i>is also used for my<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>maternal uncle</i>'s
wife; but my<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>paternal uncle'</i>s wife is simply my mother. Using kinship abbreviations (where Z='sister'), we have {M=MZ=FBW} on the one hand, and {FZ=MBW} on the other.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">We could say that the Iroquois system follows a principle of dislexification between 1/ the terms for parents and 2/ the term for parents' cross-sex siblings.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">I have found some exceptions though, when the referents are women: </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in; text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol">·</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> <span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">e.g.
in Teanu (Solomons), the<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Teanu/e.htm**Cete__;I-KTlA!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsvqa8PaDw$">word<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>
[marama.huma-num.fr]</a><i><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://dictionaria.clld.org/units/teanu-ete_1__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFst41kGw5A$">ete [dictionaria.clld.org]</a></i> colexifies M=MZ=FZ=FBW=MBW;
whereas for males, <i><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://dictionaria.clld.org/units/teanu-aia_1__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsvt41bwkA$">aia [dictionaria.clld.org]</a></i> 'father'
[F=FB=MZH] is still dislexified from<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>gea</i> 'uncle' [MB]. </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in; text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol">·</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> <span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">I
also observed this unexpected colexification {M=MZ=FZ=FBW=MBW} in 3 languages of N Vanuatu, namely Hiw, Lo-Toga, Lakon.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">In other terms, in the Pacific languages I've observed, the <i>principle of dislexification between parents and their cross-sex siblings</i><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>is
absolute for male referents, but only a statistical trend for female referents.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">This observation is confirmed by Fox (2021) for Austronesian languages more generally:</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in; text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol">·</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> <span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Fox,
James J. 2021. A research note on laterality and lineality in Austronesian relationship terminologies.<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Oceania</i><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>91.3 (2021): 367-374. [<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5317__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFst1dbN3Ig$">doi
[doi.org]</a>]</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">________</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">What I don't think exists, though, are languages that colexify F with MB and not with FB. Like Guillaume and Masha, I would be very intrigued if these were found.
(For women, the same surprise would occur if M colexified with FZ, but not with MZ.)</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Kinship systems, due to their inherent constraints, can surely provide other examples of impossible patterns of lexification. </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Alex</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:1.0in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif; color:#45818E">Alex François</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFstrLB6DIg$" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none">LaTTiCe</span>
[lattice.cnrs.fr]</a> — <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.cnrs.fr/en__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFssN6SdfZA$" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC; text-decoration:none">CNRS–</span>
[cnrs.fr]</a><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFstj8t2GLQ$" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC; text-decoration:none">ENS</span>
[ens.fr]</a>–<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.psl.eu/en__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFstDc88LQQ$" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC; text-decoration:none">PSL</span>
[psl.eu]</a>–<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFstAWlD2JQ$" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC; text-decoration:none">Sorbonne
nouvelle</span> [univ-paris3.fr]</a><br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFssdcginvg$" target="_blank"><span style="color:#3366CC; text-decoration:none">Australian
National University</span> [researchers.anu.edu.au]</a></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://alex.francois.online.fr/__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFst5uKYLQw$" target="_blank"><span style="color:#3366CC; text-decoration:none">Personal
homepage</span> [alex.francois.online.fr]</a></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>
From:<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><strong><span style="font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif">Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm via Lingtyp</span></strong><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Date: Sat, 1 Feb 2025 at 18:19<br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation<br>
To: Guillaume Jacques <<a href="mailto:rgyalrongskad@gmail.com">rgyalrongskad@gmail.com</a>><br>
Cc:<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Dear all, dear Guillaume,<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Thanks for your input on the alleged kin term universal. Guillaume is completely right in what he writes about its claim – mea culpa, I should have made this clearer from the start. </p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">I would be interested in getting more information on whether it holds – or whether there are examples going in the direction of Östen’s “guess”.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Best,</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Masha</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">On Feb 1, 2025, at 17:43, Guillaume Jacques via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Dear all,<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Concerning the universal on kinship terms that Masha was mentioning, the claim is not that no language can colexify Father (F) and Mother's Brother (MB), but rather that<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><b>if</b>F=MB<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><b>then</b><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>F=MB=FB
(Father's Brother), in other words you don't have a language colexifying F and MB and dislexifying FB from them (F=MB≠FB). I think that this is a very robust universal, which brings important evidence for the general principles of the evolution of kinship
systems. </p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Best wishes,</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Guillaume</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Le sam. 1 févr. 2025 à 17:19, Östen Dahl via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> a écrit :</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Dear all,</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">With regard to the claim that 'father' and 'mother's brother' cannot be colexified, consider the following quotation from the Wikipedia article on "Matrilineality":</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">"While a mother normally takes care of her own children in all cultures, in some matrilineal cultures an "uncle-father" will take care of his nieces and nephews instead: in other
words *social fathers* here are uncles."</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">That is, fathers and maternal uncles are similar in that they can both play the role of "social fathers"; it is not unthinkable that a language spoken in a society on the borderline
between patrilineality and matrilineality will lexify the concept "social father". What this shows is that the criterion of cognitive complexity can lead you in the wrong direction. In fact, kinship terms sometimes unite relationships which are tricky to give
a common definition, such as "brother-in-law" in English.</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in; text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol">·</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> <span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Östen</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Från:</span></b><span class="x_apple-converted-space"><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Lingtyp
<<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><b>För<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Martin Haspelmath via Lingtyp<br>
<b>Skickat:</b><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>den 1 februari 2025 16:40<br>
<b>Till:</b><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Ämne:</b><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation</span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:1.0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica">Dear Masha and others,</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica">In addition to "cognitive complexity", one may also consider frequency of use as constraining lexification.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica">For example, 'female wolf' is not more cognitively complex than 'female horse' (English<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>mare</i>, contrasting with<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>stallion</i>),
but gender/sex is less commonly mentioned in connection with wild animals than with domestic animals, so English does not dislexify 'male wolf' and 'female wolf'.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica">In my 2023<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Frontiers</i><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>paper, I suggested that some important lexification tendencies
can be explained with reference to root length possibilities: Roots are typically 1-2 syllables long, so when a meaning is not frequent enough, it needs more syllables and hence multiple morphs:</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Haspelmath, Martin. 2023. Coexpression and synexpression patterns across languages: Comparative concepts and possible explanations.<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Frontiers in Psychology</i><span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span>14.
(doi:<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1236853__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsvVLW375Q$" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1236853
[doi.org]</a>)</p>
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<p style="margin-left:1.0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica">(The paper also cites David Gil's 1992 paper.)</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica">Incidentally, it seems that "lexification" is clearer than "lexicalization", because the latter is used in multiple meanings (see my 2024 paper, §7:<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.peren-revues.fr/lexique/1737__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsvGC-8-Wg$" target="_blank">https://www.peren-revues.fr/lexique/1737
[peren-revues.fr]</a>).</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica">Best,</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:1.0in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica">Martin</span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">On 01.02.25 12:40, David Gil via Lingtyp wrote:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Hi Masha,</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Some examples from the semantic domain of quantification can be found here:</p>
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<span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Gil, David (1992) "Scopal Quantifiers: Some Universals of Lexical Effability", in M. Kefer and J. van der Auwera eds.,<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Meaning and Grammar, Cross-Linguistic
Perspectives</i>, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 303-345.</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica"></span></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Best wishes,</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">David</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">On Sat, Feb 1, 2025 at 5:29<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span>PM Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
wrote:</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">I am involved in a handbook chapter in which I would like to give a few examples of suggested universal constraints on lexicalisation, e.g., those primarily concerning meanings that should not be expressible in
a word (a stem, root or whatever), preferably not from the domain of colour terms. To give an example, Rappaport Hovav and Levin (2010) argue that no verb encodes both manner and result simultaneously, which has been contested by Beavers and Koontz-Garbodens.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Or, a definition of a term covering both ‘father’ and ‘mother’s brother’ would be cognitively very complex since it will require disjunction (‘father’ or ‘mother’s brother’, cf. ‘male relative of one’s patriline’
for ‘father’ and ‘father’s brother’) (Evans 2001) – I don’t know if this constraint still holds.</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Many thanks and all the best,</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Masha</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Prof. Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm<br>
Dept. of linguistics, Stockholm university, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden<br>
Editor-in-chief of “Linguistic Typology”</p>
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President-Elect of Societas Linguistic Europaea<br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ling.su.se/tamm__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsuVyD_Rng$" target="_blank">www.ling.su.se/tamm [ling.su.se]</a><br>
<a href="mailto:tamm@ling.su.se" target="_blank">tamm@ling.su.se</a></p>
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--<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
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<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">David Gil</pre>
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<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">Senior Scientist (Associate)</pre>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</pre>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</pre>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in"> </pre>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">Email: <a href="mailto:dapiiiiit@gmail.com" target="_blank">dapiiiiit@gmail.com</a></pre>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713</pre>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:1.0in">
</p>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">_______________________________________________</pre>
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</blockquote>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">-- </pre>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">Martin Haspelmath</pre>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</pre>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">Deutscher Platz 6</pre>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in">D-04103 Leipzig</pre>
<pre style="margin-left:1.0in"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFssqHr4dow$" target="_blank">https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/ [eva.mpg.de]</a></pre>
</div>
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<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFstV39nleA$" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp
[listserv.linguistlist.org]</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><br clear="all">
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span class="x_gmailsignatureprefix">--</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Guillaume Jacques</p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Directeur de recherches<br>
CNRS (CRLAO) - EPHE- INALCO<span class="x_apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=1XCp2-oAAAAJ&hl=fr__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsuxd1hPdQ$" target="_blank">https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=1XCp2-oAAAAJ&hl=fr
[scholar.google.fr]</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://cnrs.academia.edu/GuillaumeJacques__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsvxE3hSgw$" target="_blank">https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/295
[cnrs.academia.edu]</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://panchr.hypotheses.org/__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFssG5ZuGtw$" target="_blank">http://panchr.hypotheses.org/
[panchr.hypotheses.org]</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFstV39nleA$" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp
[listserv.linguistlist.org]</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Prof. Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm<br>
Dept. of linguistics, Stockholm university, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden<br>
Editor-in-chief of “Linguistic Typology”</p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:12.0pt; margin-left:1.0in">
President-Elect of Societas Linguistic Europaea<br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.ling.su.se/tamm__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFsuVyD_Rng$" target="_blank">www.ling.su.se/tamm [ling.su.se]</a><br>
<a href="mailto:tamm@ling.su.se" target="_blank">tamm@ling.su.se</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-left:.5in">
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFstV39nleA$" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp
[listserv.linguistlist.org]</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:Helvetica">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!FXQP1agoiuS3cgUeAAGE6T8rfs3AvsDgjUSL9jWPYAlXt1rUzG_Y-QGj_ZPl4opyUUpWRLDDdaEgn6QC7eDtMb_mhSGOFstV39nleA$">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp
[listserv.linguistlist.org]</a></span></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> </p>
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