<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<style type="text/css" style="display:none;"><!-- P {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;} --></style>
</head>
<body dir="ltr">
<div id="divtagdefaultwrapper" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Calibri Light", "Helvetica Light", sans-serif, EmojiFont, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", NotoColorEmoji, "Segoe UI Symbol", "Android Emoji", EmojiSymbols;">
<p>Hello, </p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>Thank you Masha for your query. </p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>Probably not what you're looking for, but Wierzbicka 1999:275/276 proposes and discusses a list of potential universals to be tested in the semantic domain of emotions (see below).</p>
<p> </p>
<p>I'd be tempted to say that my own observations support #2, #5, #6, and something around #8/9/10. I'm sure these could be refined, but I'd have to think about it for a bit longer. (And of course, the data is scarse.)</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>Thanks for prompting this thread.</p>
<p>Cheers, Maïa</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>Wierzbicka, Anna. 1999. <span>Emotions across languages and cultures: Diversity and universals. CUP.</span></p>
<p><img naturalheight="267" naturalwidth="639" size="33540" id="img250341" tabindex="0" style="max-width: 99.9%; user-select: none;" src="cid:d84ae27e-df2e-4caf-8d1a-842f155646b6"><br>
</p>
<p><img naturalheight="576" naturalwidth="661" size="79180" id="img776853" tabindex="0" style="max-width: 99.9%; user-select: none;" src="cid:1db3ba58-bd1e-416e-996b-5d4b512ec1af"><br>
</p>
<div id="Signature">
<div id="divtagdefaultwrapper" dir="ltr" style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt">Maïa Ponsonnet</span></p>
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt">Chargée de Recherche HDR @ CNRS </span><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt">Dynamique
Du Langage</span></p>
<p style=""><span style="font-size:10.6667px"></span></p>
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt">14, avenue Berthelot, 69007 Lyon, FRANCE -- </span><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt">+33
4 72 72 65 46</span></p>
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt">Adjunct @ University of Western Australia</span><br>
</p>
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt">+ + + + <span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:10.6667px">+</span></span></p>
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt"></span></p>
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt">Co-rédactrice en chef du <i>Journal de la Société des Océanistes</i></span></p>
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt"><a href="https://journals.openedition.org/jso/" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPNoLP" style="">https://journals.openedition.org/jso/</a><br>
</span></p>
<div><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt"><i></i>
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt">Membre du Comité d'Ethique de la Recherche, Université de Lyon</span></p>
<p style="font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt">
<span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt"><a href="https://www.universite-lyon.fr/recherche/comite-d-ethique-de-la-recherche/comite-d-ethique-de-la-recherche-245561.kjsp" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPNoLP"></a></span></p>
<a href="https://tinyurl.com/cerunivdelyon" class="OWAAutoLink" id="LPNoLP">https://tinyurl.com/cerunivdelyon</a>
<div style="font-style:italic"><br>
</div>
<i></i><br>
</span></div>
<br>
<p></p>
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><br>
</p>
<p style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri Light","Helvetica Light",sans-serif; font-size:8pt"></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<hr tabindex="-1" style="display:inline-block; width:98%">
<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>De :</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> de la part de Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> samedi 1 février 2025 23:44<br>
<b>À :</b> Juergen Bohnemeyer<br>
<b>Cc :</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation</font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div>Dear all, dear Juergen,
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Thanks for this – yes, Passmore et al. (2021) is a very good source. One of the problems with the earlier anthropological studies on kinship taxonomies is that most of the underlying data is not accessible, and the linguistic analysis is not always
clear.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Re enantiosemy: I would recommend two articles that may be (or in fact are) quite relevant for Juergen’s thoughts:</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"> – <span class="" style="text-indent:-2em">Shmelev, Alexei. “3. Semantic Shifts as Sources of Enantiosemy.” In
</span><i class="" style="text-indent:-2em">The Lexical Typology of Semantic Shifts</i><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em">, edited by Päivi Juvonen and Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, 67–94. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2016.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/9783110377675-003" class="" style="text-indent:-2em">https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/9783110377675-003</a>, and</div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"> – <span class="" style="text-indent:-2em">Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, Matti Miestamo, and Carl Börstell. “A Cross-Linguistic Study of Lexical and Derived Antonymy,” Linguistics, 62, no. 6 (2024): 1417–72.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2023-0140" class="" style="text-indent:-2em">https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2023-0140</a><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em">.</span></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em"><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>Abstract:
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class="" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Antonymy is the lexical relation of opposition. The nature of the oppositeness may differ – e.g., contradictory (‘true’–‘false’) or gradable (‘tall’–‘short’) – and there may
be variation as to the relationship in their formal encoding, whether the antonyms are expressed as distinct lexical forms (e.g.,
<i class="">true </i>vs. <i class="">false</i>) or if one form is derived from the other (e.g.,
<i class="">true </i>vs. <i class="">untrue</i>). We investigate the relationship between the two members of 37 antonym pairs across 55 spoken languages in order to see whether there are patterns in how antonymy is expressed and which of the two antonym members
is more likely to be derived from the other. We find great variation in the extent to which languages use derivation (labeled “neg-constructed forms”) as an antonym-formation strategy. However, when we do find a derived form, this tends to target the member
of the pair that is either lower in valence (positive vs. negative) or magnitude (more vs. less), in line with our hypotheses. We also find that antonyms that belong to a core set of property concepts are more likely to encode antonyms as distinct lexical
forms, whereas peripheral concepts are relatively more likely to encode the antonyms with derived forms.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span> </span></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>In Koptjevskaja-Tamm et al. (2024) we show that ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ are basically encoded as two completely different lexemes
in all the spoken languages we have looked at (and the same is confirmed by the data in my edited volume on “The linguistics of temperature”). </span></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em"><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>Sign languages show some differences from spoken languages in their strategies for expressing antonymic relations:</span></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>– </span><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em">Börstell, Carl, and Ryan Lepic. “Spatial Metaphors in Antonym Pairs
across Sign Languages.” </span><i class="" style="text-indent:-2em">Sign Language & Linguistics</i><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em"> 23, no. 1–2 (2020): 112–41.
</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1075/sll.00046.bor" class="" style="text-indent:-2em">https://doi.org/10.1075/sll.00046.bor</a><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em">.</span></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em"><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>Best,</span></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span>Masha</span></div>
<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height:1.35; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em">
<span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fsll.00046.bor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spatial%20metaphors%20in%20antonym%20pairs%20across%20sign%20languages&rft.jtitle=Sign%20Language%20%26%20Linguistics&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6rstell&rft.au=Carl%20B%C3%B6rstell&rft.au=Ryan%20Lepic&rft.date=2020&rft.pages=112%E2%80%93141&rft.spage=112&rft.epage=141"></span></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"><span class="" style="text-indent:-2em"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"></span></span></div>
<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height:1.35; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em">
<span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fling-2023-0140&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A%20cross-linguistic%20study%20of%20lexical%20and%20derived%20antonymy&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=6&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.aulast=Koptjevskaja-Tamm&rft.au=Maria%20Koptjevskaja-Tamm&rft.au=Matti%20Miestamo&rft.au=Carl%20B%C3%B6rstell&rft.date=2024&rft.pages=1417-1472&rft.spage=1417&rft.epage=1472"></span></div>
<div class="" style="text-indent:-24px"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height:1.35; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em">
<span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_id=urn%3Aisbn%3A978-3-11-037767-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.%20Semantic%20shifts%20as%20sources%20of%20enantiosemy&rft.place=Berlin%2C%20Boston&rft.publisher=De%20Gruyter%20Mouton&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft.aulast=Shmelev&rft.au=Alexei%20Shmelev&rft.au=P%C3%A4ivi%20Juvonen&rft.au=Maria%20Koptjevskaja-Tamm&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=67%E2%80%9394&rft.spage=67&rft.epage=94&rft.isbn=978-3-11-037767-5"></span></div>
<div><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Feb 1, 2025, at 22:47, Juergen Bohnemeyer <<a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" class="">jb77@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div class="WordSection1" style="font-family:Helvetica; font-size:12px; font-style:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; word-spacing:0px; text-decoration:none">
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear all – First, a quick comment on kinship nomenclature, and then let me briefly discuss another hypothetical constraint on colexification.</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">I’ve been teaching Ling Anth for 20 years, and I always spend a class or two on Morgan’s classification and its influence on the history
of cognitive anthropology (chiefly via Lounsbury 1964, from which Rosch indirectly got her notion of ‘prototype’, mediated via Berlin & Kay 1969).</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">But all this time, I’ve had my doubts about the validity of Morgan’s classification. Perfect exponents of the six types are fairly
rare; I’m pretty sure (though can’t quantitatively verify this) that there are more imperfect than perfect instances, certainly across the six types, but maybe even for every single type.</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Now, as a typologist, I wouldn’t worry about all those imperfect matches – if it wasn’t for the fact that Morgan’s six types aren’t
actually based on a comprehensive classification of logically possible systems. It seems that he first realized the contrast between the ‘Eskimo’ (= modern European) and ‘Iroquoian’ types (he famously worked as a lawyer for members of the Seneca nation right
around my adopted hometown of Rochester, NY) and then developed the other four types in contrast to those two.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Anyway, the tl;dr: I just recently came across<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352203219_Kin_Against_Kin_Internal_Co-selection_and_the_Coherence_of_Kinship_Typologies" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">Passmore
et al. (2021)</a>, which seems to support my suspicion that Morgan’s typology is deficient. Passmore and colleagues show that Morgan’s classification doesn’t robustly support intergenerational inferences: that is, knowing a language’s classification in one
generation (say, Ego’s generation, or the first ascending or descending generation), the predictive value for the same language’s classification in another generation is only moderate to fairly low.</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Of course, this doesn’t necessarily mean that a superior typology is possible. Maybe that’s just how messy kinship nomenclatures are,
especially considering that research on the relative diachronic stability of different systems seems to still be in its infancy today.</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Now, a possible soft constraint on colexification that I’ve been interested in for a while concerns the phenomenon variously known
as<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contronym" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">contronymy</a>, enantiosemy, or autoantonymy. It basically involves lexemes with antonymic senses.
(Importantly, these senses should occur synchronically and be used by the same speakers. So we’re not talking about semantic change between antonymic senses, as in the case of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">peruse<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>discussed
in unpublished work by David Wilkins. But it could well be that incomplete semantic change is one source of contronymy.)</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">A well-worn example is<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">cleave</i>, for which the OED has both ‘To part or divide
by a cutting blow; to hew asunder; to split’ and ‘To stick fast or adhere, as by a glutinous surface’. The former sense goes back to OE<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">clíofan</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>or<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">cléofan</i>,
the latter to OE<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">clífan</i>/<i class="">clifian</i>/<i class="">cleofian</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(all forms appear to be attested).</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">I would argue that these senses are merely imperfect antonyms (specifically, imperfect reversives). More importantly, the second sense
occurs with much lower frequency than the first and is associated with a distinct argument structure, as it requires a<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">to</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>complement, which the first sense
does not occur with.</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">A better case in point – and one that has long confused me as an L2 speaker – is arguably<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">sanction</i>.
For this, the OED has on the one hand ‘To ratify or confirm by sanction or solemn enactment; to invest with legal or sovereign authority; to make valid or binding’, ‘To permit authoritatively; to authorize; in looser use, to countenance, encourage by express
or implied approval’, but also ‘To enforce (a law, legal obligation, etc.) by attaching a penalty to transgression’ and ‘To impose sanctions upon (a person), to penalize’.</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Here, the two senses are not differentiated by argument structure. But we’re also dealing with a different antonymy relation – presumably
one of cohyponymy.</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">So there seems to be no question that contronymy really exists. But it’s equally clear that contronymy is rare. And it seems intuitively
obvious why it’s rare: because it gives rise to confusion and misunderstandings. What is very much in question in my mind is under what conditions contronymy nevertheless occurs.</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">A possible boundary case we discussed here on Lingtyp not too long ago is colexification of ‘hot’ and ‘cold’. Is it possible for such
a lexeme to be communicatively useful? As I pointed out in that thread, it might simply be used to mean effectively something like ‘noticeably distinct from body temperature.’</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Helvetica">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br class="">
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br class="">
University at Buffalo <br class="">
<br class="">
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br class="">
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br class="">
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br class="">
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br class="">
Email: </span><span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Helvetica; color:rgb(0,120,212)">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Helvetica"><br class="">
Web: </span><span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Helvetica; color:rgb(5,99,193)">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Helvetica"> <br class="">
<br class="">
</span><span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span class="" style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Helvetica"><br class="">
<br class="">
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br class="">
(Leonard Cohen) </span><span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"></span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">-- </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span lang="DE" class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span lang="DE" class="" style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span></div>
<div id="mail-editor-reference-message-container" class="">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="border-style:solid none none; border-top-width:1pt; border-top-color:rgb(181,196,223); padding:3pt 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<b class=""><span class="" style="">From:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span class="" style="">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of Alex Francois via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">
<b class="">Date:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Saturday, February 1, 2025 at 14:00<br class="">
<b class="">To:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm <<a href="mailto:tamm@ling.su.se" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">tamm@ling.su.se</a>><br class="">
<b class="">Cc:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">
<b class="">Subject:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation</span></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">dear all,</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">I was going to make the same point as Guillaume. Many languages in the world colexify Father with<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Father's brother</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(F=FB)
- also known in English as<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">paternal uncle</i>. However, the usual implication of such systems is that F=FB is dislexified from<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">maternal uncle</i> (Mother's
brother, MB).</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote class="" style="margin-left:30pt; margin-right:0in">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">[Note: I coined the term<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">dislexify</i> in my 2022 paper "<a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfs-2021-2041/html" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">Lexical
tectonics: Mapping structural change in patterns of lexification</a>"]</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<b class=""><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">Vanuatu systems</span></b><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">The pattern {F=FB}≠{MB} is the most common one in Pacific societies. Thus in Vanuatu, I use different terms, and have different sorts of interactions, with my (classificatory) fathers vs. with my uncles
[MB].</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote class="" style="margin-left:30pt; margin-right:0in">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">I here use Eng. <i class="">father(s)</i> to refer to the emic category F=FB, and <i class="">uncle(s)</i> for MB, i.e. whatever term is distinct from <i class="">father</i>. The creole Bislama does the
same: calquing the vernacular substrates, <i class="">ankel </i>exclusively refers to MB, whereas<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">papa</i> is both used for F and FB.</span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">This system is known, in Morgan's 1871 kinship typology, as the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">Iroquois system</a>" (or its
Crow & Omaha variants):</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif; text-align:center">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"><span id="cid:ii_m6mjqsv45"><image.png></span></span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">For comparison, European languages usually belong to Morgan's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">Eskimo system</a>:</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif; text-align:center">
<span id="cid:ii_m6mjs29d6"><image.png></span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">Systems where F=FB=MB are rare in the world, but they do exist. They correspond to Morgan's <i class="">Hawaiian kinship system</i>:</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif; text-align:center">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"><span id="cid:ii_m6mjmml84"><image.png></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">(Outside of Melanesia, Zygmunt mentioned that F=MB in some Chadic languages; I assume that the term also includes FB, and so those systems are Hawaiian.)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">I don't know any language in Vanuatu that has Hawaiian-like terminology, i.e. would colexify F=FB=MB. The dislexification F(B)≠MB is usually perceived as essential: while maternal uncles might be described
in English figuratively as a kind of "social father", the point of the Iroquois / Crow system is precisely that they are distinct from actual fathers and their brothers.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">In (at least some parts of) Vanuatu, this principle is linked to matrilineal transmission of land rights: I own the same land as my mother and her brothers, but not the same land as my fathers.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">________</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<b class=""><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">Men vs. women referents</span></b><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">The Iroquois system (at least in Vanuatu societies) usually works symmetrically for women:</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">My mother's sisters are my (classificatory) mothers; but my father's sisters are my "aunts" -- i.e. there's a special term dislexified from<i class="">mother </i>(sometimes derived from<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">mother</i>,
but distinct from it). Also, the word for <i class="">aunt<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>is also used for my<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">maternal uncle</i>'s wife; but my<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">paternal
uncle'</i>s wife is simply my mother. Using kinship abbreviations (where Z='sister'), we have {M=MZ=FBW} on the one hand, and {FZ=MBW} on the other.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">We could say that the Iroquois system follows a principle of dislexification between 1/ the terms for parents and 2/ the term for parents' cross-sex siblings.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">I have found some exceptions though, when the referents are women: </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 1in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif; text-indent:-0.25in">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:"Times New Roman""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">e.g.
in Teanu (Solomons), the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Teanu/e.htm#%E2%93%94ete" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">word<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></a><i class=""><a href="https://dictionaria.clld.org/units/teanu-ete_1" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">ete</a></i> colexifies M=MZ=FZ=FBW=MBW;
whereas for males, <i class=""><a href="https://dictionaria.clld.org/units/teanu-aia_1" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">aia</a></i> 'father' [F=FB=MZH] is still dislexified from<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">gea</i> 'uncle'
[MB]. </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 1in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif; text-indent:-0.25in">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:"Times New Roman""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">I
also observed this unexpected colexification {M=MZ=FZ=FBW=MBW} in 3 languages of N Vanuatu, namely Hiw, Lo-Toga, Lakon.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">In other terms, in the Pacific languages I've observed, the <i class="">principle of dislexification between parents and their cross-sex siblings</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>is absolute
for male referents, but only a statistical trend for female referents.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">This observation is confirmed by Fox (2021) for Austronesian languages more generally:</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 1in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif; text-indent:-0.25in">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:"Times New Roman""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">Fox,
James J. 2021. A research note on laterality and lineality in Austronesian relationship terminologies.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Oceania</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>91.3 (2021): 367-374. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5317" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">doi</a>]</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">________</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">What I don't think exists, though, are languages that colexify F with MB and not with FB. Like Guillaume and Masha, I would be very intrigued if these were found. (For women, the same surprise would occur
if M colexified with FZ, but not with MZ.)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">Kinship systems, due to their inherent constraints, can surely provide other examples of impossible patterns of lexification. </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">best</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif">Alex</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<hr size="1" width="70" noshade="" align="left" class="" style="width:52.5pt">
</div>
<p class="" style="margin-left:0.5in"><span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif; color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex François</span><span class="" style="font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"></span></p>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span class="" style="text-decoration:none">LaTTiCe</span></a> — <a href="https://www.cnrs.fr/en" target="_blank" title="ENS" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span class="" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">CNRS–</span></a><a href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" target="_blank" title="ENS" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span class="" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">ENS</span></a>–<a href="https://www.psl.eu/en" target="_blank" title="ENS" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span class="" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">PSL</span></a>–<a href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" target="_blank" title="ENS" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span class="" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">Sorbonne
nouvelle</span></a><br class="">
<a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span class="" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">Australian National University</span></a></span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:Verdana,sans-serif"><a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span class="" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">Personal
homepage</span></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:7.5pt">_________________________________________</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</p>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
---------- Forwarded message ---------<br class="">
From:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><strong class=""><span class="" style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm via Lingtyp</span></strong><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br class="">
Date: Sat, 1 Feb 2025 at 18:19<br class="">
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation<br class="">
To: Guillaume Jacques <<a href="mailto:rgyalrongskad@gmail.com" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">rgyalrongskad@gmail.com</a>><br class="">
Cc:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>></div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</p>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Dear all, dear Guillaume,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Thanks for your input on the alleged kin term universal. Guillaume is completely right in what he writes about its claim – mea culpa, I should have made this clearer from the start. </div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
I would be interested in getting more information on whether it holds – or whether there are examples going in the direction of Östen’s “guess”.</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Best,</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Masha</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<br class="">
<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote class="" style="margin-top:5pt; margin-bottom:5pt">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
On Feb 1, 2025, at 17:43, Guillaume Jacques via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Dear all,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Concerning the universal on kinship terms that Masha was mentioning, the claim is not that no language can colexify Father (F) and Mother's Brother (MB), but rather that<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">if</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>F=MB<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">then</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>F=MB=FB
(Father's Brother), in other words you don't have a language colexifying F and MB and dislexifying FB from them (F=MB≠FB). I think that this is a very robust universal, which brings important evidence for the general principles of the evolution of kinship
systems. </div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Best wishes,</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Guillaume</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Le sam. 1 févr. 2025 à 17:19, Östen Dahl via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> a écrit :</div>
</div>
<blockquote class="" style="border-style:none none none solid; border-left-width:1pt; border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204); padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt; margin-left:4.8pt; margin-right:0in">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:11pt">Dear all,</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:11pt"> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:11pt">With regard to the claim that 'father' and 'mother's brother' cannot be colexified, consider the following quotation from the Wikipedia article on "Matrilineality":</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:11pt"> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:11pt">"While a mother normally takes care of her own children in all cultures, in some matrilineal cultures an "uncle-father" will take care of his nieces and nephews instead: in other words *social fathers* here are uncles."</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:11pt"> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:11pt">That is, fathers and maternal uncles are similar in that they can both play the role of "social fathers"; it is not unthinkable that a language spoken in a society on the borderline between patrilineality and matrilineality
will lexify the concept "social father". What this shows is that the criterion of cognitive complexity can lead you in the wrong direction. In fact, kinship terms sometimes unite relationships which are tricky to give a common definition, such as "brother-in-law"
in English.</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:11pt"> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 1in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif; text-indent:-0.25in">
<span class="" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Symbol"><span class="">·<span class="" style="font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:"Times New Roman""> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size:11pt">Östen</span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:11pt"> </span></div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="font-size:11pt"> </span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="border-style:solid none none; border-top-width:1pt; border-top-color:rgb(225,225,225); padding:3pt 0in 0in">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<b class=""><span lang="SV" class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Från:</span></b><span lang="SV" class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">För<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Martin
Haspelmath via Lingtyp<br class="">
<b class="">Skickat:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>den 1 februari 2025 16:40<br class="">
<b class="">Till:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<b class="">Ämne:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Lingtyp] Universal constraints on lexicalisation</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
<p class="" style="margin-left:0.5in">Dear Masha and others,</p>
<p class="" style="margin-left:0.5in">In addition to "cognitive complexity", one may also consider frequency of use as constraining lexification.</p>
<p class="" style="margin-left:0.5in">For example, 'female wolf' is not more cognitively complex than 'female horse' (English<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">mare</i>, contrasting with<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">stallion</i>),
but gender/sex is less commonly mentioned in connection with wild animals than with domestic animals, so English does not dislexify 'male wolf' and 'female wolf'.</p>
<p class="" style="margin-left:0.5in">In my 2023<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Frontiers</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>paper, I suggested that some important lexification tendencies can be explained with reference to
root length possibilities: Roots are typically 1-2 syllables long, so when a meaning is not frequent enough, it needs more syllables and hence multiple morphs:</p>
<div class="" style="margin-left:24pt">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Haspelmath, Martin. 2023. Coexpression and synexpression patterns across languages: Comparative concepts and possible explanations.<i class="">Frontiers in Psychology</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>14. (doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1236853" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1236853</a>)</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="" style="margin-left:0.5in">(The paper also cites David Gil's 1992 paper.)</p>
<p class="" style="margin-left:0.5in">Incidentally, it seems that "lexification" is clearer than "lexicalization", because the latter is used in multiple meanings (see my 2024 paper, §7:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.peren-revues.fr/lexique/1737" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">https://www.peren-revues.fr/lexique/1737</a>).</p>
<p class="" style="margin-left:0.5in">Best,</p>
<p class="" style="margin-left:0.5in">Martin</p>
<p class="" style="margin-left:0.5in"> </p>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
On 01.02.25 12:40, David Gil via Lingtyp wrote:</div>
</div>
<blockquote class="" style="margin-top:5pt; margin-bottom:5pt">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Hi Masha,</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Some examples from the semantic domain of quantification can be found here:</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="" style="margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:63pt; text-align:justify">
<span class="" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Gil, David (1992) "Scopal Quantifiers: Some Universals of Lexical Effability", in M. Kefer and J. van der Auwera eds.,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Meaning and Grammar, Cross-Linguistic
Perspectives</i>, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 303-345.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Best wishes,</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
David</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="" style="margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:63pt; text-align:justify">
<span class="" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
On Sat, Feb 1, 2025 at 5:29<span class="" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span>PM Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
wrote:</div>
</div>
<blockquote class="" style="border-style:none none none solid; border-left-width:1pt; border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204); padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt; margin:5pt 0in 5pt 4.8pt">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Dear all,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
I am involved in a handbook chapter in which I would like to give a few examples of suggested universal constraints on lexicalisation, e.g., those primarily concerning meanings that should not be expressible in a word (a stem, root or whatever), preferably
not from the domain of colour terms. To give an example, Rappaport Hovav and Levin (2010) argue that no verb encodes both manner and result simultaneously, which has been contested by Beavers and Koontz-Garbodens.</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Or, a definition of a term covering both ‘father’ and ‘mother’s brother’ would be cognitively very complex since it will require disjunction (‘father’ or ‘mother’s brother’, cf. ‘male relative of one’s patriline’ for ‘father’ and ‘father’s brother’) (Evans
2001) – I don’t know if this constraint still holds.</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Many thanks and all the best,</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Masha</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Prof. Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm<br class="">
Dept. of linguistics, Stockholm university, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden<br class="">
Editor-in-chief of “Linguistic Typology”</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
President-Elect of Societas Linguistic Europaea<br class="">
<a href="http://www.ling.su.se/tamm" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">www.ling.su.se/tamm</a><br class="">
<a href="mailto:tamm@ling.su.se" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">tamm@ling.su.se</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
_______________________________________________<br class="">
Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<br clear="all" class="">
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<br class="">
--<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">David Gil</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New""> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Senior Scientist (Associate)</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New""> </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Email: <a href="mailto:dapiiiiit@gmail.com" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">dapiiiiit@gmail.com</a></pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302</pre>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</p>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">_______________________________________________</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Lingtyp mailing list</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a></pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New""><a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></pre>
</blockquote>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">-- </pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Martin Haspelmath</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">Deutscher Platz 6</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New"">D-04103 Leipzig</pre>
<pre class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:10pt; font-family:"Courier New""><a href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">https://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistic-and-cultural-evolution/staff/martin-haspelmath/</a></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
_______________________________________________<br class="">
Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<br clear="all" class="">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="gmailsignatureprefix">--</span></div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Guillaume Jacques</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
Directeur de recherches<br class="">
CNRS (CRLAO) - EPHE- INALCO<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<a href="https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=1XCp2-oAAAAJ&hl=fr" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=1XCp2-oAAAAJ&hl=fr</a></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<a href="http://cnrs.academia.edu/GuillaumeJacques" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/295</a></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<a href="http://panchr.hypotheses.org/" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">http://panchr.hypotheses.org/</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
_______________________________________________<br class="">
Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="">Prof. Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm<br class="">
Dept. of linguistics, Stockholm university, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden<br class="">
Editor-in-chief of “Linguistic Typology”</span></div>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
<span class="" style="">President-Elect of Societas Linguistic Europaea<br class="">
<a href="http://www.ling.su.se/tamm" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">www.ling.su.se/tamm</a><br class="">
<a href="mailto:tamm@ling.su.se" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">tamm@ling.su.se</a></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">
_______________________________________________<br class="">
Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br class="">
<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank" class="" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br class="">
<div class="">
<div class="" style="color:rgb(0,0,0); letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; word-spacing:0px; word-wrap:break-word; line-break:after-white-space">
Prof. Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm<br class="">
Dept. of linguistics, Stockholm university, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden<br class="">
Editor-in-chief of “Linguistic Typology”</div>
<div class="" style="color:rgb(0,0,0); letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; word-spacing:0px; word-wrap:break-word; line-break:after-white-space">
President-Elect of Societas Linguistic Europaea<br class="">
<a href="http://www.ling.su.se/tamm" class="">www.ling.su.se/tamm</a><br class="">
tamm@ling.su.se<br class="">
<br class="">
</div>
</div>
<br class="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>