<div dir="ltr"><div>Dear Andrea,</div><div><br></div><div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">A phenomenon
displaying several of the features you noted (a term of address with plural
meaning and extended functions) can be observed in many languages, in
contemporary slang, especially that of social media, involving the borrowing,
sometimes with high frequency, of English <i>guys</i>.<span> </span>I have heard this in, among others, varieties
of African English, various Indo-Aryan languages, assorted Philippine
languages, and also Malayic dialects.<span>
</span>For some examples from Malayic dialects see Gil (2024), reproduced below.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">Best,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">David<br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">(31)<span> </span><i>Minangkabau</i><span></span></span></p>
<h1 style="margin:0in;break-after:avoid;font-size:16pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:rgb(47,84,150);font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Courier;color:black"><span> </span>Gais lai pernah mancubo makan iko gais?<br>
</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span><b>Gais</b><span> </span>lai<span> </span>pernah<span> </span>mancubo<span> </span>makan<span> </span>iko<span> </span><b>gais</b>?<span></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>guys<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">add.foc<span> </span>exp<span> </span>ag:</span>try<span> </span>eat<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">dem:dem.prox<span> </span></span>guys<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>'Guys, have
you ever tried eating this, guys?'<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:27.35pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">[<a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/C11JuKNhuex/">https://www.instagram.com/reel/C11JuKNhuex/</a>]<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">(32)<span> </span><i>Papuan Malay</i><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>Sabar<span> </span><b>gais</b>,<span> </span>ha<span> </span>mancing<span> </span>dulu<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>patient<span> </span>guys<span> </span>1<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg<span> </span></span>catch.fish<span> </span>first<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>'Wait a bit, I want to do some fishing
first.'<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>[DGD]<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">(57)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span><i>Jakarta Indonesian ~ Standard Indonesian</i><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span class="gmail-titles"><span style="font-family:Courier;color:black">Hay gaess. Bagaimana gaes,,
kalian sudah nonton belum tadi gaes acara Bincang Tokoh ibu Dr. Hj. Winarti SE.
MH. bersama ANTV Lampung???</span></span><span class="gmail-titles"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Courier;color:black"><span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span class="gmail-titles"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>Hay<span> </span><b>gais</b>.<span> </span>Bagaimana<span> </span><b>gais</b>,<span> </span>kalian<span> </span>sudah<span> </span>nonton<span> </span>belum<span> </span>tadi<span> </span><b>gais</b><span> </span>acara<span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span class="gmail-titles"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>hi<span> </span>guys<span> </span>how<span> </span>guys<span> </span>2<span style="font-variant:small-caps">pl<span> </span>pfv<span> </span></span>watch<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">nondum<span> </span>pst.prox<span> </span></span>guys<span style="font-variant:small-caps"><span> </span></span>program<span style="font-variant:small-caps"><span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span class="gmail-titles"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>Bincang<span> </span>Tokoh<span> </span>ibu<span> </span>Dr. Hj.<span> </span>Winarti<span> </span>SE. MH.<span> </span>bersama<span> </span>ANTV<span> </span>Lampung<span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span class="gmail-titles"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>discuss<span> </span>character<span> </span>mother<span> </span>Dr. Hj.<span> </span>Winarti<span> </span>SE. MH.<span> </span>together<span> </span>ANTV<span> </span>Lampung<span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span class="gmail-titles"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>'Hi guys, what's up guys,
have you already watched, guys, the programme discussing the character of Mrs. Dr.
Hj. Winarti SE. MH. on ANTV Lampung?'<span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 27.35pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span class="gmail-titles"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">[<a href="https://www.tulangbawangkab.go.id/news/read/4044/hay-gaess-bagaimana-gaes-kalian-sudah-nonton-belum-tadi-gaes-acara-bincang-tokoh-ibu-dr-hj-winarti-s">https://www.tulangbawangkab.go.id/news/read/4044/hay-gaess-bagaimana-gaes-kalian-sudah-nonton-belum-tadi-gaes-acara-bincang-tokoh-ibu-dr-hj-winarti-s</a>]<span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">(58)<span> </span><i>Standard Indonesian</i><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Rudal<span> </span>Tamir<span> </span>sendiri<span> </span>adalah<span> </span>rudal<span> </span>luncur<span> </span>otomatis,<span> </span>atau<span> </span>"self-propelled",
<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">missile<span> </span>Tamir<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">neg.foc<span> </span>cop<span> </span></span>missile<span> </span>launch<span> </span>automatic<span> </span>or<span> </span>self-propelled<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">yang<span> </span>berbahan<span> </span>bakar<span> </span>padat,<span> </span>dan<span> </span>dipandur<span> </span>radar<span> </span>yang<span> </span>merancang,
<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-variant:small-caps;color:black">rel<span> </span>dpat:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">material<span> </span>burn<span> </span>solid<span> </span>and<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">pat:</span>guide<span> </span>radar<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">rel<span> </span>ag:</span>design<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">untuk<span> </span>mencegah<span> </span>target<span> </span>pada<span> </span>jarak<span> </span>hingga<span> </span>tujuh<span> </span>puluh<span> </span>kilometer<span> </span><b>gais</b><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">for<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">ag:</span>prevent<span> </span>target<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">obl<span> </span></span>range<span> </span>until<span> </span>seven<span> </span>ten<span> </span>kilometer<span> </span>guys<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">'The Tamir missile itself
is an automatically-launched, or self-propelled, missile using solid fuel and
with a radar designed to defend against targets up to a range of seventy
kilometers guys.'<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 27.35pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">[<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2Gf32zNzcg">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2Gf32zNzcg</a>:
2:06-2:19]<span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span class="gmail-x193iq5w"><span lang="EN">Gil, David (2024) "Borrowing within Malayic: The Role of
Exotericity", in A. Adelaar, T. Hoogervorst and S. Moeimam eds., Lexical
Borrowing in Island Southeast Asia; History, Impact and Analysis, WACANA,
Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia, 25.3:480-530.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">Available
(I think ...) at:<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1793&context=wacana&fbclid=IwY2xjawIPRG1leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHbvMebp1dJohe2Yfe2CYXCdcsbXM2oF388B1K8yDGChgM3QkjgPM9tgJ-w_aem_W0nMR116BUrGL9lv-6PbOg">https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1793&context=wacana&fbclid=IwY2xjawIPRG1leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHbvMebp1dJohe2Yfe2CYXCdcsbXM2oF388B1K8yDGChgM3QkjgPM9tgJ-w_aem_W0nMR116BUrGL9lv-6PbOg</a><span></span></span></u></p>
</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Feb 5, 2025 at 2:01 AM Andrea Sansò via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Dear all,<br><br>My colleague and I are investigating an Italian term of address/vocative that appears to have recently developed new functions. The term in question, <i>raga</i>, is a shortened form of <i>ragazzi/e </i>(meaning "boys/girls" in the plural). While our analysis and interpretation of the data are still preliminary, we have observed that <i>raga </i>is no longer used exclusively in its original function as an attention-getter when addressing multiple interlocutors. Instead, it has acquired various functions in spoken language. Below is a preliminary list of these new functions:<br><br>- Expressing the speaker’s surprise (with both positive and negative nuances)<br>- Intensification/boosting<br>- Marking reported discourse<br><br>These new functions represent significant departures from the term's original, diachronically primary use. For instance, in some cases, <i>raga</i> is directed at a single hearer, contradicting its original plural reference. In others, the term occurs at the right periphery of an utterance, contrasting with its traditional use as a vocative or attention-getter, which is typically confined to the left periphery.<br><br>We are aware of several studies addressing the pragmatic evolution of terms of address in European languages. For example, in a contrastive study on <i>güey</i> in Mexican Spanish and <i>alter</i> in German, Kleinknecht and Sousa (2017: 257) argue that “terms of address have the potential to intensify the affectivity displayed by the speaker. In this capacity, they may be employed as linguistic strategies to enhance the expressive and illocutionary force of utterances.” Furthermore, these expressive uses can serve as the basis for more specific functions related to turn-taking and information management. In Mexican Spanish, for instance, <i>güey</i> can occur in the right periphery to emphasize the preceding segment, as illustrated in the following example (from Kleinknecht & Sousa 2017: 275):<div><br></div><div><img src="cid:ii_m6qugc860" alt="image.png" width="503" height="71"><br><br>While some of the functions we have identified for <i>raga </i>align with common uses of terms of address (e.g., intensification/boosting), others are perhaps less conventional. To situate our research within a typological framework, we would like to ask list members for examples of non-canonical uses of terms of address, particularly from non-European and non-LOL languages. We would especially appreciate examples involving terms with inherently plural reference, such as <i>raga</i>, as well as any references to relevant literature.<br><br>I will be happy to post a summary of the responses if needed. Thank you in advance for your help and insights.<br><br>Best regards,<br>Andrea Sansò</div></div>
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</blockquote></div><div><br clear="all"></div><br><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><pre cols="72">David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:dapiiiiit@gmail.com" target="_blank">dapiiiiit@gmail.com</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302</pre>
<br></div></div>