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Dear all,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>This Wiktionary page gives a list of some translations of the interjective <i>
man </i>by different lects, most of which literally refers to a human being.<br id="lineBreakAtBeginningOfMessage">
<div>
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Regards,</div>
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Ian</div>
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<br>
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br>
朱 易安 <br>
JOO, IAN <br>
准教授 <br>
Associate Professor <br>
小樽商科大学 <br>
Otaru University of Commerce</div>
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🌐 ianjoo.github.io<br>
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br>
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<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>2025/02/05 19:35, Johanna Laakso via Lingtyp <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org> 작성:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div>
<div style="overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">
In Viennese German as well, the famous <i>oida </i>(Standard German: Alter lit. ‘old (man)’) acts similarly, both as an attention-getting address word and a stand-alone interjection, expressing excitement but also judgment or threat. (It is perceived as something
quintessentially Viennese and sometimes explicitly compared with "bruh".)
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best</div>
<div>jl<br>
<div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; border-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">
<div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;">
<div>--</div>
<div>Univ.Prof. Dr. Johanna Laakso</div>
<div>Universität Wien, Institut für Europäische und Vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft (EVSL)</div>
<div>Abteilung Finno-Ugristik</div>
<div>Campus AAKH Spitalgasse 2-4 Hof 7</div>
<div>A-1090 Wien</div>
<div>johanna.laakso@univie.ac.at • http://homepage.univie.ac.at/Johanna.Laakso/</div>
<div>Project ELDIA: http://www.eldia-project.org/ </div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
</span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
</div>
</span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>Michael Fiddler via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org> kirjoitti 04.02.2025 kello 23.07:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">Hi Andrea,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>This may be on your radar already, but <i>bro </i>or <i>bruh </i>in American English (and probably other varieties) exhibits these extended functions. Originally a term of address for a singular male addressee (typically from a male speaker as well), it
can now be used by any speaker as an attention-getting marker for any addressee or group of addressees, as a stand-alone interjection expressing surprise, and as an intensifier for the utterance that it goes with (either preceding or following). </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I don't know the literature on this topic, but I observe these uses of <i>bro/bruh </i>on a daily basis from my seven-year-old daughter and her friends, as well as my three-year-old son, who learned it from his big sister.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>From California, </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Michael</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div> </div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Feb 4, 2025 at 11:28 AM David Gil via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>Dear Andrea,</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">A phenomenon displaying several of the features you noted (a term of address with plural meaning and extended functions) can be observed in many languages, in contemporary
slang, especially that of social media, involving the borrowing, sometimes with high frequency, of English
<i>guys</i>.<span> </span>I have heard this in, among others, varieties of African English, various Indo-Aryan languages, assorted Philippine languages, and also Malayic dialects.<span>
</span>For some examples from Malayic dialects see Gil (2024), reproduced below.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Best,</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">David<br>
</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span lang="EN-US"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<div style="text-align: justify; break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">(31)<span> </span><i>Minangkabau</i><span></span></span></div>
<h1 style="margin:0in;break-after:avoid;font-size:16pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:rgb(47,84,150);font-weight:normal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Courier;"><span> </span>Gais lai pernah mancubo makan iko gais?<br>
</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>
</span><b>Gais</b><span> </span>lai<span> </span>pernah<span> </span>
mancubo<span> </span>makan<span> </span>iko<span> </span>
<b>gais</b>?<span></span></span></h1>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>guys<span>
</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">add.foc<span> </span>exp<span>
</span>ag:</span>try<span> </span>eat<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">dem:dem.prox<span>
</span></span>guys<span></span></span></div>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>'Guys, have you ever tried eating this, guys?'<span></span></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:27.35pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">[<a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/C11JuKNhuex/" target="_blank">https://www.instagram.com/reel/C11JuKNhuex/</a>]<span></span></span></p>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">(32)<span> </span>
<i>Papuan Malay</i><span></span></span></div>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>
Sabar<span> </span><b>gais</b>,<span> </span>ha<span> </span>mancing<span>
</span>dulu<span></span></span></div>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>
patient<span> </span>guys<span> </span>1<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg<span>
</span></span>catch.fish<span> </span>first<span></span></span></div>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>
'Wait a bit, I want to do some fishing first.'<span></span></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>
[DGD]<span></span></span></p>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">(57)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>
</span><i>Jakarta Indonesian ~ Standard Indonesian</i><span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; break-after: avoid; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span><span style="font-family: Courier;">Hay gaess. Bagaimana gaes,, kalian sudah nonton belum tadi gaes acara Bincang Tokoh ibu Dr. Hj. Winarti SE. MH. bersama ANTV Lampung???</span></span><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Courier;"><span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>
</span>Hay<span> </span><b>gais</b>.<span> </span>Bagaimana<span> </span><b>gais</b>,<span>
</span>kalian<span> </span>sudah<span> </span>nonton<span> </span>belum<span>
</span>tadi<span> </span><b>gais</b><span> </span>acara<span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>
</span>hi<span> </span>guys<span> </span>how<span> </span>guys<span>
</span>2<span style="font-variant:small-caps">pl<span> </span>pfv<span> </span>
</span>watch<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">nondum<span> </span>
pst.prox<span> </span></span>guys<span style="font-variant:small-caps"><span> </span>
</span>program<span style="font-variant:small-caps"><span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>
</span>Bincang<span> </span>Tokoh<span> </span>ibu<span> </span>Dr. Hj.<span>
</span>Winarti<span> </span>SE. MH.<span> </span>bersama<span> </span>ANTV<span>
</span>Lampung<span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span>
</span>discuss<span> </span>character<span> </span>mother<span> </span>Dr. Hj.<span>
</span>Winarti<span> </span>SE. MH.<span> </span>together<span> </span>ANTV<span>
</span>Lampung<span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; break-after: avoid; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span> </span>'Hi guys, what's up guys, have you already watched, guys, the programme discussing the character of Mrs. Dr. Hj. Winarti SE. MH. on ANTV Lampung?'<span></span></span></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 27.35pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">[<a href="https://www.tulangbawangkab.go.id/news/read/4044/hay-gaess-bagaimana-gaes-kalian-sudah-nonton-belum-tadi-gaes-acara-bincang-tokoh-ibu-dr-hj-winarti-s" target="_blank">https://www.tulangbawangkab.go.id/news/read/4044/hay-gaess-bagaimana-gaes-kalian-sudah-nonton-belum-tadi-gaes-acara-bincang-tokoh-ibu-dr-hj-winarti-s</a>]<span></span></span></span></p>
<div style="break-after: avoid; margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">(58)<span> </span>
<i>Standard Indonesian</i><span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; break-after: avoid; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Rudal<span> </span>
Tamir<span> </span>sendiri<span> </span>adalah<span> </span>rudal<span>
</span>luncur<span> </span>otomatis,<span> </span>atau<span> </span>"self-propelled",
<span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; break-after: avoid; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">missile<span> </span>
Tamir<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">neg.foc<span> </span>cop<span>
</span></span>missile<span> </span>launch<span> </span>automatic<span> </span>
or<span> </span>self-propelled<span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; break-after: avoid; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">yang<span> </span>
berbahan<span> </span>bakar<span> </span>padat,<span> </span>dan<span>
</span>dipandur<span> </span>radar<span> </span>yang<span> </span>merancang,
<span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; break-after: avoid; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">rel<span>
</span>dpat:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">material<span>
</span>burn<span> </span>solid<span> </span>and<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">pat:</span>guide<span>
</span>radar<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">rel<span> </span>
ag:</span>design<span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; break-after: avoid; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">untuk<span> </span>
mencegah<span> </span>target<span> </span>pada<span> </span>jarak<span> </span>
hingga<span> </span>tujuh<span> </span>puluh<span> </span>kilometer<span> </span>
<b>gais</b><span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; break-after: avoid; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">for<span> </span>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">ag:</span>prevent<span> </span>target<span>
</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">obl<span> </span></span>range<span>
</span>until<span> </span>seven<span> </span>ten<span> </span>kilometer<span>
</span>guys<span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; break-after: avoid; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">'The Tamir missile itself is an automatically-launched, or self-propelled, missile using solid fuel and with a radar designed to defend against targets up to a range of seventy kilometers guys.'<span></span></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 27.35pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">[<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2Gf32zNzcg" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2Gf32zNzcg</a>: 2:06-2:19]<span></span></span></p>
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<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span><span lang="EN">Gil, David (2024) "Borrowing within Malayic: The Role of Exotericity", in A. Adelaar, T. Hoogervorst and S. Moeimam eds., Lexical Borrowing in Island Southeast
Asia; History, Impact and Analysis, WACANA, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia, 25.3:480-530.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Available (I think ...) at:<span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><u><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1793&context=wacana&fbclid=IwY2xjawIPRG1leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHbvMebp1dJohe2Yfe2CYXCdcsbXM2oF388B1K8yDGChgM3QkjgPM9tgJ-w_aem_W0nMR116BUrGL9lv-6PbOg" target="_blank">https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1793&context=wacana&fbclid=IwY2xjawIPRG1leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHbvMebp1dJohe2Yfe2CYXCdcsbXM2oF388B1K8yDGChgM3QkjgPM9tgJ-w_aem_W0nMR116BUrGL9lv-6PbOg</a><span></span></span></u></div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Feb 5, 2025 at 2:01 AM Andrea Sansò via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br>
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<div dir="ltr">Dear all,<br>
<br>
My colleague and I are investigating an Italian term of address/vocative that appears to have recently developed new functions. The term in question,
<i>raga</i>, is a shortened form of <i>ragazzi/e </i>(meaning "boys/girls" in the plural). While our analysis and interpretation of the data are still preliminary, we have observed that
<i>raga </i>is no longer used exclusively in its original function as an attention-getter when addressing multiple interlocutors. Instead, it has acquired various functions in spoken language. Below is a preliminary list of these new functions:<br>
<br>
- Expressing the speaker’s surprise (with both positive and negative nuances)<br>
- Intensification/boosting<br>
- Marking reported discourse<br>
<br>
These new functions represent significant departures from the term's original, diachronically primary use. For instance, in some cases,
<i>raga</i> is directed at a single hearer, contradicting its original plural reference. In others, the term occurs at the right periphery of an utterance, contrasting with its traditional use as a vocative or attention-getter, which is typically confined to
the left periphery.<br>
<br>
We are aware of several studies addressing the pragmatic evolution of terms of address in European languages. For example, in a contrastive study on
<i>güey</i> in Mexican Spanish and <i>alter</i> in German, Kleinknecht and Sousa (2017: 257) argue that “terms of address have the potential to intensify the affectivity displayed by the speaker. In this capacity, they may be employed as linguistic strategies
to enhance the expressive and illocutionary force of utterances.” Furthermore, these expressive uses can serve as the basis for more specific functions related to turn-taking and information management. In Mexican Spanish, for instance,
<i>güey</i> can occur in the right periphery to emphasize the preceding segment, as illustrated in the following example (from Kleinknecht & Sousa 2017: 275):
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<div><span id="cid:ii_m6qugc860"><image.png></span><br>
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While some of the functions we have identified for <i>raga </i>align with common uses of terms of address (e.g., intensification/boosting), others are perhaps less conventional. To situate our research within a typological framework, we would like to ask list
members for examples of non-canonical uses of terms of address, particularly from non-European and non-LOL languages. We would especially appreciate examples involving terms with inherently plural reference, such as
<i>raga</i>, as well as any references to relevant literature.<br>
<br>
I will be happy to post a summary of the responses if needed. Thank you in advance for your help and insights.<br>
<br>
Best regards,<br>
Andrea Sansò</div>
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<span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br>
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<pre cols="72">David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:dapiiiiit@gmail.com" target="_blank">dapiiiiit@gmail.com</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302</pre>
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<span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br>
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<div>Michael Fiddler</div>
<div>PhD candidate</div>
<div>Department of Linguistics</div>
<div>University of California, Santa Barbara</div>
<div><a href="https://sites.google.com/view/michaelfiddler/home?authuser=0" target="_blank">website</a><br>
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