<div dir="auto"><div dir="ltr"><div>Hi Andrea,</div><div><br></div><div>in Russian, apart from the rather expected uses of (Oh) god!, there is also a peculiar exclamative <i>Мамочки! </i>which I as a modern speaker would perceive as a plural diminutive of mother but which, as far as I understand, probably is a continuation of the earlier use of <i>мама</i> for </div><div>nurse, breastfeeder who is not the child's genetic mother. Similarly, not only the vocative particle <i>ja </i>is used in Daghestan in the exclamative <i>ja Allah</i>; but more specifically, in Archi, East Caucasian, the plural lobur 'children' is also used to express strong emotion. </div><div><br></div><div>In neither of these cases I would associate the expression specifically with surprise, but surprise is among the pragmatic contexts where I think it could be expected. I am unaware of further évolution of discourse functions in either if the two cases.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Michael</div><div><br></div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div>--</div><div>Михаил Даниэль</div><div><i>Я осуждаю агрессию моей страны против Украины.</i></div><div>Michael Daniel</div><div><i>I condemn my country's aggression in Ukraine.</i></div></div></div></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">вт, 4 февр. 2025 г. в 23:27, Ellison Luk via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto">Hello,</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div>Tagging along to this (and taking for granted similar English terms of address like "buddy" and "mate"), "gurl"/"girl" could be seen as a variant of "bro"/"bruh". It's especially current in certain AAVE and LGBTQ+ communities, and overwhelmingly online (re: the meme/catchphrase "gurl bye!"). It can of course also be used between women outside these demographics, especially younger women/teens. I'm not sure if the discourse usages have been observed or described at all, but it seems fairly new, at least newer than "bro". "Sis" is another one as well.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">In English, these terms can also be used sarcastically or to appear standoffish: anything that elicits a "don't buddy me" or "I'm not your bro" could fall under this kind of usage. Reason I mention this is because searching for "gurl" on Google /Twitter/Reddit/etc seems to bring up a lot of these contexts.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">- Ellison Luk<br><br><div class="gmail_quote" dir="auto"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, 4 Feb 2025, 22:19 Michael Fiddler via Lingtyp, <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Hi Andrea, <div><br></div><div>This may be on your radar already, but <i>bro </i>or <i>bruh </i>in American English (and probably other varieties) exhibits these extended functions. Originally a term of address for a singular male addressee (typically from a male speaker as well), it can now be used by any speaker as an attention-getting marker for any addressee or group of addressees, as a stand-alone interjection expressing surprise, and as an intensifier for the utterance that it goes with (either preceding or following). </div><div><br></div><div>I don't know the literature on this topic, but I observe these uses of <i>bro/bruh </i>on a daily basis from my seven-year-old daughter and her friends, as well as my three-year-old son, who learned it from his big sister.</div><div><br></div><div>From California, </div><div><br></div><div>Michael</div><div><br></div><div> </div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Feb 4, 2025 at 11:28 AM David Gil via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>Dear Andrea,</div><div><br></div><div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">A phenomenon
displaying several of the features you noted (a term of address with plural
meaning and extended functions) can be observed in many languages, in
contemporary slang, especially that of social media, involving the borrowing,
sometimes with high frequency, of English <i>guys</i>.<span> </span>I have heard this in, among others, varieties
of African English, various Indo-Aryan languages, assorted Philippine
languages, and also Malayic dialects.<span>
</span>For some examples from Malayic dialects see Gil (2024), reproduced below.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">Best,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">David<br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">(31)<span> </span><i>Minangkabau</i><span></span></span></p>
<h1 style="margin:0in;break-after:avoid;font-size:16pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:rgb(47,84,150);font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Courier;color:black"><span> </span>Gais lai pernah mancubo makan iko gais?<br>
</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span><b>Gais</b><span> </span>lai<span> </span>pernah<span> </span>mancubo<span> </span>makan<span> </span>iko<span> </span><b>gais</b>?<span></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>guys<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">add.foc<span> </span>exp<span> </span>ag:</span>try<span> </span>eat<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">dem:dem.prox<span> </span></span>guys<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>'Guys, have
you ever tried eating this, guys?'<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:27.35pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">[<a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/C11JuKNhuex/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.instagram.com/reel/C11JuKNhuex/</a>]<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">(32)<span> </span><i>Papuan Malay</i><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>Sabar<span> </span><b>gais</b>,<span> </span>ha<span> </span>mancing<span> </span>dulu<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>patient<span> </span>guys<span> </span>1<span style="font-variant:small-caps">sg<span> </span></span>catch.fish<span> </span>first<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>'Wait a bit, I want to do some fishing
first.'<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>[DGD]<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">(57)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span><i>Jakarta Indonesian ~ Standard Indonesian</i><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span><span style="font-family:Courier;color:black">Hay gaess. Bagaimana gaes,,
kalian sudah nonton belum tadi gaes acara Bincang Tokoh ibu Dr. Hj. Winarti SE.
MH. bersama ANTV Lampung???</span></span><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Courier;color:black"><span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>Hay<span> </span><b>gais</b>.<span> </span>Bagaimana<span> </span><b>gais</b>,<span> </span>kalian<span> </span>sudah<span> </span>nonton<span> </span>belum<span> </span>tadi<span> </span><b>gais</b><span> </span>acara<span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>hi<span> </span>guys<span> </span>how<span> </span>guys<span> </span>2<span style="font-variant:small-caps">pl<span> </span>pfv<span> </span></span>watch<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">nondum<span> </span>pst.prox<span> </span></span>guys<span style="font-variant:small-caps"><span> </span></span>program<span style="font-variant:small-caps"><span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>Bincang<span> </span>Tokoh<span> </span>ibu<span> </span>Dr. Hj.<span> </span>Winarti<span> </span>SE. MH.<span> </span>bersama<span> </span>ANTV<span> </span>Lampung<span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>discuss<span> </span>character<span> </span>mother<span> </span>Dr. Hj.<span> </span>Winarti<span> </span>SE. MH.<span> </span>together<span> </span>ANTV<span> </span>Lampung<span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><span> </span>'Hi guys, what's up guys,
have you already watched, guys, the programme discussing the character of Mrs. Dr.
Hj. Winarti SE. MH. on ANTV Lampung?'<span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 27.35pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">[<a href="https://www.tulangbawangkab.go.id/news/read/4044/hay-gaess-bagaimana-gaes-kalian-sudah-nonton-belum-tadi-gaes-acara-bincang-tokoh-ibu-dr-hj-winarti-s" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.tulangbawangkab.go.id/news/read/4044/hay-gaess-bagaimana-gaes-kalian-sudah-nonton-belum-tadi-gaes-acara-bincang-tokoh-ibu-dr-hj-winarti-s</a>]<span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">(58)<span> </span><i>Standard Indonesian</i><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Rudal<span> </span>Tamir<span> </span>sendiri<span> </span>adalah<span> </span>rudal<span> </span>luncur<span> </span>otomatis,<span> </span>atau<span> </span>"self-propelled",
<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">missile<span> </span>Tamir<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">neg.foc<span> </span>cop<span> </span></span>missile<span> </span>launch<span> </span>automatic<span> </span>or<span> </span>self-propelled<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">yang<span> </span>berbahan<span> </span>bakar<span> </span>padat,<span> </span>dan<span> </span>dipandur<span> </span>radar<span> </span>yang<span> </span>merancang,
<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-variant:small-caps;color:black">rel<span> </span>dpat:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">material<span> </span>burn<span> </span>solid<span> </span>and<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">pat:</span>guide<span> </span>radar<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">rel<span> </span>ag:</span>design<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">untuk<span> </span>mencegah<span> </span>target<span> </span>pada<span> </span>jarak<span> </span>hingga<span> </span>tujuh<span> </span>puluh<span> </span>kilometer<span> </span><b>gais</b><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">for<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">ag:</span>prevent<span> </span>target<span> </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps">obl<span> </span></span>range<span> </span>until<span> </span>seven<span> </span>ten<span> </span>kilometer<span> </span>guys<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 27pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">'The Tamir missile itself
is an automatically-launched, or self-propelled, missile using solid fuel and
with a radar designed to defend against targets up to a range of seventy
kilometers guys.'<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 12pt 27.35pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">[<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2Gf32zNzcg" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2Gf32zNzcg</a>:
2:06-2:19]<span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span><span lang="EN">Gil, David (2024) "Borrowing within Malayic: The Role of
Exotericity", in A. Adelaar, T. Hoogervorst and S. Moeimam eds., Lexical
Borrowing in Island Southeast Asia; History, Impact and Analysis, WACANA,
Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia, 25.3:480-530.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US">Available
(I think ...) at:<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1793&context=wacana&fbclid=IwY2xjawIPRG1leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHbvMebp1dJohe2Yfe2CYXCdcsbXM2oF388B1K8yDGChgM3QkjgPM9tgJ-w_aem_W0nMR116BUrGL9lv-6PbOg" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1793&context=wacana&fbclid=IwY2xjawIPRG1leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHbvMebp1dJohe2Yfe2CYXCdcsbXM2oF388B1K8yDGChgM3QkjgPM9tgJ-w_aem_W0nMR116BUrGL9lv-6PbOg</a><span></span></span></u></p>
</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Feb 5, 2025 at 2:01 AM Andrea Sansò via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Dear all,<br><br>My colleague and I are investigating an Italian term of address/vocative that appears to have recently developed new functions. The term in question, <i>raga</i>, is a shortened form of <i>ragazzi/e </i>(meaning "boys/girls" in the plural). While our analysis and interpretation of the data are still preliminary, we have observed that <i>raga </i>is no longer used exclusively in its original function as an attention-getter when addressing multiple interlocutors. Instead, it has acquired various functions in spoken language. Below is a preliminary list of these new functions:<br><br>- Expressing the speaker’s surprise (with both positive and negative nuances)<br>- Intensification/boosting<br>- Marking reported discourse<br><br>These new functions represent significant departures from the term's original, diachronically primary use. For instance, in some cases, <i>raga</i> is directed at a single hearer, contradicting its original plural reference. In others, the term occurs at the right periphery of an utterance, contrasting with its traditional use as a vocative or attention-getter, which is typically confined to the left periphery.<br><br>We are aware of several studies addressing the pragmatic evolution of terms of address in European languages. For example, in a contrastive study on <i>güey</i> in Mexican Spanish and <i>alter</i> in German, Kleinknecht and Sousa (2017: 257) argue that “terms of address have the potential to intensify the affectivity displayed by the speaker. In this capacity, they may be employed as linguistic strategies to enhance the expressive and illocutionary force of utterances.” Furthermore, these expressive uses can serve as the basis for more specific functions related to turn-taking and information management. In Mexican Spanish, for instance, <i>güey</i> can occur in the right periphery to emphasize the preceding segment, as illustrated in the following example (from Kleinknecht & Sousa 2017: 275):<div><br></div><div><img alt="image.png" width="503" height="71"><br><br>While some of the functions we have identified for <i>raga </i>align with common uses of terms of address (e.g., intensification/boosting), others are perhaps less conventional. To situate our research within a typological framework, we would like to ask list members for examples of non-canonical uses of terms of address, particularly from non-European and non-LOL languages. We would especially appreciate examples involving terms with inherently plural reference, such as <i>raga</i>, as well as any references to relevant literature.<br><br>I will be happy to post a summary of the responses if needed. Thank you in advance for your help and insights.<br><br>Best regards,<br>Andrea Sansò</div></div>
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</blockquote></div><div><br clear="all"></div><br><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><pre cols="72">David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
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Email: <a href="mailto:dapiiiiit@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">dapiiiiit@gmail.com</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302</pre>
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</blockquote></div><div><br clear="all"></div><div><br></div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div>Michael Fiddler</div><div>PhD candidate</div><div>Department of Linguistics</div><div>University of California, Santa Barbara</div><div><a href="https://sites.google.com/view/michaelfiddler/home?authuser=0" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">website</a><br></div></div></div>
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