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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Such dependencies are talked about in morphological theory (and to some degree, in morphological typology). The tradition is to distinguish between inward dependencies (outer affix is restricted to attach
-- or has a higher productivity when attaching -- to a base already containing a particular affix) and outward dependencies (inner affix has higher productivity/is restricted to occurring in the context of a particular
<i>outer </i>affix). The former is garden-variety morphological conditioning. The latter has historically created more headaches for formal theories due to assumptions about sequential affix attachment/insertion domains, and is often discussed as “potentiation”,
going back to Aronoff (1976, <i>Word formation in generative grammar</i>). <o:p>
</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Stump has recently argued for a unified theoretical approach to both inward and outward dependencies in terms of rule combination. See, for example, the following paper:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Stump, Gregory T. 2022. Rule combination, potentiation, affix telescoping. In Andrea D. Sims, Adam Ussishkin, Jeff Parker, and Samantha Wray (eds.),
<i>Morphological typology and linguistic cognition</i>, 282-306. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">See also Stump’s 2022 book <i>
Morphotactics</i> (CUP). He certainly isn’t the only scholar dealing with the topic, but these works are reasonable places to start for understanding the history of discussion of affix dependencies (and associated terminology) in the theoretical and typological
morphology literature.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Andrea<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3F4443"><img width="280" height="40" style="width:2.9166in;height:.4166in" id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image001.png@01DB8E84.915055B0" alt="The Ohio State University"><br>
<br>
</span><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#BA0C2F;background:white">Andrea Sims
</span></b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;background:white">[‘ɔndɹijə sɪmz]</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3F4443"><br>
Professor<br>
Department of Linguistics<br>
1712 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43202 USA<br>
<a href="mailto:sims.120@osu.edu"><span style="color:#BA0C2F;background:white">sims.120@osu.edu</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3F4443">Co-editor,
<a href="https://www.euppublishing.com/loi/word"><span style="color:#0563C1">Word Structure</span></a><br>
<span style="background:white">Member of Section Z Steering Committee, </span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:black;background:white"><a href="https://www.aaas.org/" title="https://www.aaas.org/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0563C1">American
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Cat Butz via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, March 6, 2025 at 9:47</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">AM<br>
<b>To: </b>Lingtyp <Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] Terminology for grammatical morphemes that have to co-occur with other grammatical morphemes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><br>
<br>
Dear community,<br>
<br>
I hope you're all doing well.<br>
<br>
Let's say we have three grammatical morphemes: A, B, and C. Let's say <br>
they all modify verbs.<br>
<br>
A occurs as the only modifier of a verb, but it also co-occurs with B.<br>
B doesn't occur on its own, but always co-occurs with A or C.<br>
C doesn't occur on its own, but always co-occurs with B.<br>
<br>
So we have the following combos:<br>
<br>
A-verb<br>
B-A-verb<br>
B-C-verb<br>
<br>
Do you know any kind of terminology for describing this sort of <br>
interdependence of morphemes, where we have e.g. "independent" ones like <br>
A, "kind of dependent" ones like B, and "fully dependent" ones like C? <br>
Is there any literature on this?<br>
<br>
Warmest,<br>
-- <br>
Cat Butz (she)<br>
HHU Düsseldorf<br>
General Linguistics<br>
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