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<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Dear Jeanne,<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">in Khalkha <span>M</span>ongolian, there is a particle <i>bilee</i>,
based on a defective copula stem <i>bi</i>- and the (immediate) direct
evidential suffix -<i>lAA</i> (subject to vowel harmony). The particle is used
in declaratives to state something that you think your addressee knows and can
remember (not unlike German <i>ja</i>), cf. (22). There need not be any
firsthand knowledge, cf. (30). It is not uncommon in the initial part of newspaper
articles when the journalist wants to remind the reader what happened earlier
before turning to more recent events. In questions, it is used if one has forgotten
what one wanted to say, cf. (5) and (6). In polar questions, <i>bilüü</i> (<
*bilee=üü) would be used with the polar question particle =<i>UU</i>.
Interrogative <i>bilee</i> can be used to introduce a topic, cf. (26).<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(22) <i>Ür xüüxd=en saiŋ yaw-axad ex eceg bayral-dag
bilee</i>. <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">seed child=3POSS good go-CVB.when mother father
feel.happy-HAB.PTCP RECOLL<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">‘When their children do well, their mother and father feel
happy (as we all know).’ (Brosig 2012: 14)<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(30) <i>Učir=an neg ix udal=güi Philip II xorl-ogd-ož,
Alexander Pers-iig baild-aŋ dag-uul-ax ayan-d=aa mord-ood en ayn-aas=aa erg-ež
ir-ee=güi bilee</i>. <span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">‘Because Philip II was poisoned relatively soon, and
Alexander set out to his journey to submit Peria from which (was we all know)
he would not return.’ (Brosig 2012: 16)<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(5) <i>Xezee xamg-iiŋ süül-d iišee or-ž ir-seŋ bilee?
san-daggü=eee</i>.<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">when all-GEN last-DAT to.here enter-CVB come-PRF.PTCP
RECOLL remember-HAB.PTCP-NEG=E<span>M</span>PH<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">‘When did I come here the very last time? I don’t
remember ...’ (Brosig 2012: 11)<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(6) <i>Uučl-aarai! </i><i><span>Č</span>i xen bilee?<span></span></i></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">excuse-I<span>M</span>P.HON you who RECOLL<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">‘Excluse me? Who are you (I should remember)?’ (Brosig
2012: 11)<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(26) <i>Kompjuter-iiŋ virus ge-ž čuxam yuu bilee.</i><span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="DE">computer-GEN
virus QUOT.VERB-CVB eigentlich what RECOLL<span></span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">‘Basically, what is a computer virus?’ (Brosig 2012: 14)<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">This recollection usage of <i>bilee</i> resembles similar
uses the evidential past suffix -<i>lAA</i>, but only in questions (cf. Brosig
2018: 63-64), not declaratives. <i>Bilee</i> to some extent co-occurs with the
assertive particle <i>yum</i>, which in declaratives is potentially best
analyzed as a marker of subjective conviction (Brosig et al. 2019: 911-915),
and in these contexts <i>bilee</i> seems to be related to the speaker’s
knowledge rather than recollection, cf. (18). This should be explored more
carefully, though. It even occurs in desideratives like (15), with unclear
function. There is a particle <i>lee</i> that only follows the final verbal
suffix -<i>n</i>, for which my analysis in Brosig (2012: 13) has been
contested, to my mind convincingly, but without offering an alternative
analysis.<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(18) <i>Ter nuuc-iig ünxeer oloŋ xüŋ med-deg yum bilee.<span></span></i></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">that secret-ACC really many people know-HAB.PTCP ASS
RECOLL<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">‘This secret, really many people know it.’ (Brosig 2012:
13)<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">(15) <i>Boroo or-oosoi bilee!</i><span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="FR">rain come-DES
RECOLL<span></span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">‘<span>M</span>ay it rain!’ (Brosig 2012: 13)<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Best<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Benjamin<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Brosig, Benjamin. 2012. <i>bilee</i> sul ügijn utga, xereglee [The meaning and function of the
particle <i>bilee</i>]. <i>Xel zoxiol sudlal
5 (37)</i>: 10-18.<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span> </span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Brosig, Benjamin. 2018. Factual vs. evidential? - The
past tense forms of spoken Khalkha Mongolian. In: Ad Foolen, Helen de Hoop
& Gijs Mulder (eds.) <i>Evidence for evidentiality</i>. Amsterdam:
Benjamins: 45-75.<span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="DE"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNoSpacing" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span lang="DE">Brosig,
Benjamin & Foongha Yap & Kathleen Ahrens. </span>2019. Assertion,
assumption and presupposition: an account of the erstwhile nominalizer YUM in
Khalkha Mongolian. <i>Studies in Language</i> 43(4): 896-940.<span></span></p>
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