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<span lang="EN-GB">Dear David,</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN-GB">I am a bit puzzled with your results for
Yali.</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN-GB">Yali has obligatory subject marking on the verb,
and object marking for animate objects. Subjects are furthermore
optionally
case marked in unmarked SOV order, and obligatorily so in marked
OSV order.
Object marking distinguishes three semantic roles: theme,
beneficiary, and target.
So Yali is actually pretty explicit in telling you who is doing
what to whom
(see, e.g. Riesberg 2018; 2021; and for other Dani languages
Bromley 1981, Barclay
2008, and Etherington 2002)</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN-GB">Admittedly some of these distinctions can
be neutralised in certain contexts, i.e., third person acting on
third person
in the present (progressive), which is maybe how your experiment
was designed? </span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN-GB">In any case I’d say Yali is pretty much the
opposite of what <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Vladimir
has been
asking for.</span><br>
<br>
<span lang="EN-GB">Best</span><br>
<span lang="EN-GB">Sonja</span><br>
<br>
<br>
<span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Barclay, Peter.
2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">A grammar of Western
Dani. </i>München:
Lincom Publishers.</span><br>
<span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Bromley, H. Myron. 1981. A grammar of Lower
Grand
Valley Dani. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</span><br>
<span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Etherington<span
style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">, Paul A. 2002. <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Nggem morphology and Syntax. </i><span
style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Darwin:
Charles Darwin University</span> PhD dissertation.</span></span><br>
<span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Riesberg</span><span
lang="FR"
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:FR">, Sonja. </span><span
lang="EN-GB"
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">2018.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Optional ergative,
agentivity, and
discourse prominence – Evidence from Yali (Trans-New Guinea). <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Linguistic Typology </i>22.1.
17–50<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">. </i></span><a
href="https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0002"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="color:#4472C4;mso-themecolor:accent1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold">https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0002</span></a><span
style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">.</span></span><br>
<span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Riesberg, Sonja.
2021.
Introduction to the Yali – English – German dictionary with a
short grammatical
sketch. In Sonja </span><span lang="EN-GB"
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Riesberg, <span
style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">in collaboration with Carmen
Dawuda, Lucas
Haiduck, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, and Kurt Malcher (eds.),</span></span><span
lang="EN-GB"
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">A Yali </span></i><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Angguruk</i>)
– <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">English – German
dictionary</i>, 1</span><span lang="EN-AU"
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-AU;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">–49</span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">. Canberra:
Asia-Pacific Linguistics. <a
href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03436264v1"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03436264v1</a></span><br>
<p class="MsoNormal"
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lang="EN-GB"
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></p>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 09.05.2025 um 06:51 schrieb David
Gil via Lingtyp:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAEoKyV9_axay6WJFGDCREV62Toa0OSN5kjmiVBr_MKM5qv0vLg@mail.gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear
Vladimir,<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">You
mentioned Riau Indonesian.<span> </span>While my early
writings on Riau Indonesian
apparently contributed to the impression that this language
was somehow
exceptional with respect to the absence of obligatory
thematic role encoding,
subsequent work suggests that it is anything but a
typological outlier in this
respect.</span><span lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In
order to situate Riau
Indonesian in typological context, and to examine the degree
to which different
languages encode thematic roles such as agent, patient,
locative, instrumental
and so forth by various morphosyntactic devices such as word
order and
flagging, I have been conducting a cross-linguistic
psycholinguistic experiment,
details and preliminary results of which are presented in
Gil and Shen (2019:5-8)
and references therein.<span> </span>So far, the
experiment has been conducted on 69 languages.<span>
</span>The final results have yet to be written up and
published, but here are
some figures for a handful of languages from the 69-language
sample:<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">English<span>
</span>5.3%<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Hebrew<span>
</span>6.7%<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Standard
Japanese<span> </span>9.6%<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Standard
Indonesian<span> </span>22.8%<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Riau
Indonesian<span> </span>43.4%<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Minangkabau<span>
</span>65.0%<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Tikuna<span>
</span>75.8%<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Mursi<span>
</span>77.4%<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Yali<span>
</span>82.3%<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">In the
above, percentages represent the degree to which arguments
associated with different thematic roles can be interchanged
(e.g. the extent
to which an agent can be encoded in the same way as a
patient) — averaged over
30-plus experimental subjects responding to 16 experimental
stimuli testing
various morphosyntactic configurations.<span>
</span>Thus, lower percentages represent greater rigidity
and obligatoriness in
the encoding of thematic roles, while higher percentages
represent greater
flexibility and optionality — the state of affairs that
prompted Vladimir's
query.<span> </span><span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">As
suggested by the above figures, Riau Indonesian turns out to
be
mid-range with respect to the extent of grammaticalization
of thematic
roles.<span> </span>The true outlier turns out to be
English, which scores the highest of the 69 languages
(albeit not statistically
significantly higher than a handful of other mostly WEIRD
languages).<span> </span>At the other end of the scale, a
wide range
of languages from all over the world exhibit much greater
flexibility in the
encoding of thematic roles than Riau Indonesian.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">The
experimental results suggest that the main factor governing
the degree
of grammaticalization of thematic roles is the complexity of
the polity
associated with the language in question:<span>
</span>sociopolitical complexity correlates positively with
grammatical
complexity as manifest in thematic role encoding.<span> </span>The
above correlation also explains why the
absence of encoding of thematic roles is massively
under-represented in the
linguistic literature, which, even in the 2020s, retains a
bias towards
languages associated with greater sociopolitical complexity.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Best
wishes,<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">David<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
lang="EN-US"
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Gil,
David and Yeshayahu Shen (2019) "How Grammar Introduces
Asymmetry into
Cognitive Structures: Compositional Semantics, Metaphors and
Schematological
Hybrids", <i>Frontiers in Psychology - Language Sciences</i>
(</span><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:rgb(2,2,2);background:white">doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02275)<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><span
style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span> </span></span></p>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, May 8, 2025 at 4:50 PM
Vladimir Panov via Lingtyp <<a
href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">In order to specify my question a little bit:
By saying NO MARKING I mean exactly this: NO MARKING AT ALL.
E.g. if there is marking not on noun phrases but on the verb
or by clitics elsewhere in the clause, then there definitely
is marking of arguments. So typical "polysynthetic"
languages don't count.
<div><br>
</div>
<div>V.</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">чт, 8 мая 2025 г. в 10:28,
Vladimir Panov <<a href="mailto:panovmeister@gmail.com"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-freetext">panovmeister@gmail.com</a>>:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">Dear linguists,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I have the following question. Are you aware of any
doculects/languages upon which there is a consensus
that semantic roles like S, A, P, R are not
obligatorily encoded, neither morphologically, nor
through word order or adpositions? That is, languages
in which the assignment of semantic roles, if any, is
entirely matter of context/pragmatics. The famous Riau
Indonesian comes to my mind. Any other suggestions?
Maybe there are publications dedicated specifically to
this problem?</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best,</div>
<div>Vladimir Panov, Vilnius University</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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</div>
<br>
<span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br>
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr">
<pre cols="72">David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:dapiiiiit@gmail.com" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">dapiiiiit@gmail.com</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302</pre>
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