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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear Ian – I would say yes, the dominant cultural framework of the countries in question is very much of European descent, in precisely the way Ilana points out. Which manifests itself
perhaps most notably in the othering (and often enough downright oppression) that people of non-European descent routinely experience in these countries.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">In the case of Taiwan, I think most linguists and anthropologists would agree that the prototypical core of the notion of indigeneity applies to the Austronesian groups of the island.
Nobody would treat the mainlanders who evacuated to the island at the end of the Chinese Civil War as indigenous. But the Min Nan speakers whose descendants arrived in the 18<sup>th</sup> or even 17<sup>th</sup> century (if memory serves) are an intermediate
category. I could see people contrasting them against the Mandarin speakers as relatively more indigenous, although I wouldn’t personally use the term that way.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">So, perhaps we can agree that indigeneity cannot be defined independently of some historic frame – there may be no such thing as absolute indigeneity. I do of course agree that that
frame doesn’t have to be European colonization.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
Web: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
<br>
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of JOO Ian via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, May 29, 2025 at 22:41<br>
<b>To: </b>Lingtyp Linguistics Typology <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] Two terminological quandaries for the price of one: 'traditional' and 'non-Western' cultures<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;word-break:break-all"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Dear Juergen,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:46.0pt;word-break:break-all"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">I doubt Americans, Australians, Brazilians, etc., would appreciate being called ‘European’, yet their majority cultures/societies
are ‘Western’ (i.e., of European descent).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;word-break:break-all"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">The percentage of Americans, Australians, and Brazilians of primarily European descent are approximately 57.8%, 57,2%, and 48% respectively,
so about half. Why define by them only by this half?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:46.0pt;word-break:break-all"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">The problem is that the descent part of that definition requires some sort of temporal horizon, or some other framing perspective.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;word-break:break-all"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;word-break:break-all"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Didn’t the Han colonization of Taiwan – and many other non-European colonizations, such as the Japanese colonization of the Ryukyus
– happen at the same time period as the European colonization?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;word-break:break-all"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Regards,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;word-break:break-all"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Ian</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br>
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">朱 易安</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> <br>
JOO, IAN <br>
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">准教授</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> <br>
Associate Professor <br>
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">小樽商科大学</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> <br>
Otaru University of Commerce</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;word-break:break-all"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Apple Color Emoji";color:black">🌐</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> <a href="http://ianjoo.github.io/"><span style="color:#714FBC">ianjoo.github.io</span></a><br>
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">보낸</span></b><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">
</span></b><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">사람</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77@buffalo.edu><br>
</span><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">날짜</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">:
</span></b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">금요일</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">, 2025</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">년</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">
5</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">월</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> 30</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">일</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">
11:32<br>
</span><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">받는</span></b><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">
</span></b><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">사람</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">JOO Ian <joo@res.otaru-uc.ac.jp>, Lingtyp Linguistics Typology <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
</span><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">주제</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Re: Two terminological quandaries for the price of one: 'traditional' and 'non-Western' cultures</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear Ian – I doubt Americans, Australians, Brazilians, etc., would appreciate being called ‘European’, yet their majority cultures/societies are ‘Western’ (i.e., of European descent).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">That was the easier of your two questions. The first one is trickier. I agree with you in principle that it would be appropriate to extend the concept of indigeneity to any communities that aren’t colonial
or descendant from colonizers. The problem is that the descent part of that definition requires some sort of temporal horizon, or some other framing perspective. Bantu people colonized much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Tupians large swaths of the Amazon. Do we therefore
treat Bantu and Tupian cultures as non-indigenous? I think it depends on the context – there is likely no universally valid definition.
</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
Web: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
<br>
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of JOO Ian via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, May 29, 2025 at 22:23<br>
<b>To: </b>Lingtyp Linguistics Typology <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] Two terminological quandaries for the price of one: 'traditional' and 'non-Western' cultures</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Dear Juergen,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">By ‘indigenous’, I mean pragmatically that the presence of the community in the area they inhabit is not an immediate result of European colonization.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Why <b>European</b> colonization specifically, and not colonization by other forces (such as the Han colonization of Taiwan)?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">‘(Non-)Western cultures/societies’: By this I mean any cultures/societies of (non-)European origin/descent.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Why not just call them European?
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">From Otaru,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Ian</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br>
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">朱 易安</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> <br>
JOO, IAN <br>
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">准教授</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> <br>
Associate Professor <br>
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">小樽商科大学</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> <br>
Otaru University of Commerce</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Apple Color Emoji";color:black">🌐</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> <a href="http://ianjoo.github.io/"><span style="color:#714FBC">ianjoo.github.io</span></a><br>
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">보낸</span></b><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">
</span></b><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">사람</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">이</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">(</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">가</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">)
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">다음</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">사람</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">대신</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">보냄</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">: Juergen Bohnemeyer via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
</span><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">날짜</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">:
</span></b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">금요일</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">, 2025</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">년</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">
5</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">월</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> 30</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">일</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">
11:01<br>
</span><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">받는</span></b><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">
</span></b><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">사람</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp Linguistics Typology <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
</span><b><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Malgun Gothic",sans-serif;color:black;mso-fareast-language:KO">주제</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">[Lingtyp] Two terminological quandaries for the price of one: 'traditional' and 'non-Western' cultures</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear all – I really need your help with this! I’ve been struggling for quite some time now with the terms ‘traditional culture/society’ and ‘(non-)Western culture/society’. Both concepts play significant
roles in my work, but both labels seem problematic. I’m looking for better alternatives. (If you want to call this query an exercise in political correctness, I would plead guilty to the charge. I do try to avoid offending people unintentionally.)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">Let me briefly try to explicate the concepts that I have been using these labels for:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">‘Traditional cultures/societies’: Small-scale indigenous communities practicing predominantly non-industrial (or pre-industrial) modes of production in non-urban settings. By ‘small-scale’, I mean that
stratification is predominantly in terms of age and gender, division of labor is low, and offices of power are largely non-hereditary. By ‘indigenous’, I mean pragmatically that the presence of the community in the area they inhabit is not an immediate result
of European colonization. And the concept needs to be flexible enough to allow for the fact that the overwhelming majority of such communities are part of larger majority societies, are in more or less intensive contact with them, are under pressure by them,
etc.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">I suspect that objections to the label ‘traditional’ may be the result of associating that label with Social Darwinism. At the same time, I find the label acceptable to the extent that one accepts that
modes of production, while not following a strict developmental sequence, are not distributed randomly throughout human history either, particularly in the sense that industrialization did not take place prior to the Industrial Revolution. So what I’m looking
for is a label that occupies the sweet spot between Social Darwinism and completely ahistoric and non-evolutionary perspectives of social organization.
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">The sexiest currently available alternative to ‘traditional’ is ‘non-WEIRD’, in the Heinrich-et-al.-(2010) sense of ‘WEIRD’ (Western educated industrialized rich democratic). I don’t personally mind using
that term, but it is awfully vague. There are many developing nations that I would not consider WEIRD (they may check neither of the five definitional properties), but that do not globally fit the ‘traditional’ concept either.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">‘(Non-)Western cultures/societies’: By this I mean any cultures/societies of (non-)European origin/descent. The problem with the label ‘Western’ is the very misleading geographic association with the Western
hemisphere: the vast majority of Europe isn’t even part of the Western hemisphere, and there are ‘Western’ societies (societies of European descent) outside Europe *<b>and</b>* outside the Western hemisphere, *<b>and</b>* of course there are many ‘non-Western’
cultures in the Western hemisphere. I’m well aware that the etymology of this use of ‘Western’ has little to do with the model of the geographic hemispheres, but my sense is that people make the association whether it belongs there or not – I know I do.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">I suspect the best solution to the second problem is to just talk about ‘cultures/societies of (non-)European origin/descent’. That’s a mouthful, but sooner or later somebody will coin a handy acronym.
But I wanted to make sure I’m not missing anything.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"CMU Serif"">Anyway, many thanks in advance for your help! – Juergen</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
Web: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
<br>
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">-- </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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