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Hi all,</div>
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The question of how to gloss examples at multiple levels (e.g. glossing morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and/or clause complexes/sentences), is something that Systemic Functional Linguistics has had to grapple with due to its focus on hierarchies of units
and function structures.</div>
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So, if of interest, how we managed it, is given here: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<a href="https://systemiclanguagemodelling.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/systemic-functional-glossing-conventions-march-2023.pdf">https://systemiclanguagemodelling.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/systemic-functional-glossing-conventions-march-2023.pdf</a></span></div>
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As you’ll see these conventions are largely a generalisation of the Leipzig rules, adapted for other units and incorporating longstanding SFL conventions. But they also are very much organised around the idea mentioned in this thread that glossing should be
adapted for your audience and purpose. For example, in SFL a significant proportion of the audience is focused on applied concerns and so don’t always find Leipzig glossings as accessible as other possibilities.</div>
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Yaegan </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt; color: black;"><b>Y. J. Doran</b></span></p>
<p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 9pt; color: black;">Associate Professor, Language and Literacy Education<br>
Australian Catholic University</span></p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of randylapolla via Lingtyp <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, July 13, 2025 3:59 am<br>
<b>To:</b> Kate Lindsey <klindsey@bu.edu><br>
<b>Cc:</b> LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Cross-morpheme glosses</span>
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<div dir="auto">Hi All,</div>
<div dir="auto">Kate’s idea is similar to what Shobhana Chelliah did in her Grammar of Meithei (MGL 1997): as the agglutinative morphology was quite complex, she added a 4th line under the gloss line with phrasal glosses. This made it a lot easier to read. </div>
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<div dir="auto">Randy</div>
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On Sun, Jul 13, 2025 at 5:06 AM, Kate Lindsey via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:On Sun, Jul 13, 2025 at 5:06 AM, Kate Lindsey via Lingtyp <<a href=">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:
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<div dir="ltr" class="protonmail_quote">I agree with Christian that the choice of interlinear glossing has a lot to do with the audience, context, and what you wish to convey. I enjoy reading interlinear texts that allow the reader to toggle between a simple
or a more complex gloss to provide the most accessibility for readers. This is difficult in a static text, however.</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="protonmail_quote">As for how to gloss your examples, your pen example reminds me of how authors often add a literal translation or paraphrase in square brackets after the free translation to assist the reader. So I might suggest adding
[pen] in brackets after your truer to the morphology gloss instr-repet~write (1). Alternatively, you could do this in the morphology line and have the complex morphology in the square brackets (2). For your thinking example, I might gloss such a prefix with
an "unknown" abbreviation like unk or der `unknown derivational affix' (1). I think (2) is closer to what you've suggested, but I think (1) is much better.</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="protonmail_quote"><img src="cid:ii_md0qei1w1" alt="image.png" width="536" height="249" style="width: 536px; height: 249px;">\</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="protonmail_quote">Kate</div>
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____________________</div>
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Kate L. Lindsey</div>
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Assistant Professor of Linguistics</div>
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Boston University</div>
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Boston, MA 02215</div>
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<a href="http://ling.bu.edu/people/lindsey" target="_blank" originalsrc="http://ling.bu.edu/people/lindsey">http://ling.bu.edu/people/lindsey</a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Jul 11, 2025 at 11:04 AM Konstantin Henke via Lingtyp <
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:</div>
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Dear all,<br>
<br>
glossing texts of agglutinative languages frequently leads to the situation where an orthographic word consisting of multiple transparent morphemes can be glossed using an English word, i.e. usually when derivative morphology is present, such as Takbanuaz Bunun
<i>ispapatas</i> 'pen', which is derived from the root <i>patas</i> 'to write' as
<i>is-pa~patas</i> [INSTR-REPET~write] 'thing to frequently write with'. When glossing longer texts, I'm often unsure whether to indicate the morphology or not, and I usually go by my own transparency judgement; i.e. if the gloss says ' INSTR-REPET~write' and
the translation mentions a 'pen', then the reader might be able to put two and two together, but in other cases the derived meaning might have been conventionalized in a way that is no longer transparent from its (original) morphological composition, so writing
<i>ispapatas</i> without indicating morpheme boundaries and just glossing it as 'pen' might be the better option.</div>
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However, the boundary between derivational and inflectional morphology is of course not always clear (like locative or instrumental markers often having a nominalizing function in many Austronesian languages, as in the example above) and is thus not a good
diagnostic of whether to provide morphological transparency in the glossing or not. Secondly, sometimes the linguist wishes to both indicate morphology
<i>and</i> provide a gloss for the entire cross-morpheme meaning, i.e. both <i>is-pa~patas</i> (instead of
<i>ispapatas</i>) and 'pen'.</div>
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Additionally, sometimes the concrete function of some derivative affix might not be known, but the meaning of the entire derived word is known, while the linguist wishes at the same time to indicate the presence of said affix. E.g. Bunun
<i>miliskin</i> 'to think' consists of <i>mi- </i>(unclear) and the root <i>liskin</i> 'believe, think, assume, consider' (De Busser, 2009: 573). In a text, I'd like to indicate both the fact that
<i>mi-</i> is a prefix and the fact that <i>miliskin</i> is best translated as 'to think'.</div>
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I have thought about using the dot that usually has the opposite function (joining multiple meanings/functions/glosses to correspond to one morpheme) in order to join multiple morphemes to correspond to one gloss, i.e. writing
<i>mi.liskin</i> with the gloss 'think' or <i>is.pa.patas</i> 'pen'. This does not seem to be common practice and might not actually be very useful since the morphemes themselves aren't glossed, but at least it would point to the fact that affixal morphology
present instead of just giving the reader a "chunk" like <i>ispapatas</i> for them to figure it out themselves.</div>
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I was wondering if someone could point me to the common practice or even recommendations like the Leipzig glossing rules (which do not treat this case) or even to an entirely different approach I might not have thought of.</div>
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Thank you!</div>
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Konstantin Henke</div>
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–––</div>
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De Busser, R. (2009). <i>Towards a grammar of Takivatan Bunun: Selected topics</i> (Doctoral dissertation, L).</div>
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