<div dir="ltr">The discussion has now become one of direction of prediction between (tonal) allomorphs when there is neutralization in one vs. another context. Assuming that it has to be one or the other, we of course love it when the data unambiguously show that it has to be citation form to "contextual" form, or "contextual" form to citation form. In Thɔnkɔ dialect of Limba (Niger-Congo isolate, Sierra Leone), a H or sequence of H tones become L before pause. You therefore can only predict from the contextual form to the isolation (pre-pausal) form, as seen in the following four underlying tonal distinctions (L tone is unmarked; H tone is marked with an acute accent):<div><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;text-align:justify"> </span></div><div>
<table class="gmail-MsoTableGrid" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none">
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<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 4pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">(1)</p>
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<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 4pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">a.</p>
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<td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 4pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i>noun in isolation</i></p>
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<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 4pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">b.</p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 4pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i>noun + determiner</i></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 4pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i> </i></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0in 0in 4pt;text-align:center;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i>underlying</i></p>
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<tr>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ma-pɛthande</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘juncture’</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ma-pɛthande maŋ</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘the juncture’</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">/L-LLL/</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ma-sakala</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘ground trap’</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ma-sakalá maŋ</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> H</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘the ground trap’</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">/L-LLH/</p>
</td>
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<tr>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ma-lenthani</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘ladder’</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ma-lenthání maŋ</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> H H</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘the ladder’</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">/L-LHH/</p>
</td>
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<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ma-koyoni</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘rain water’</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ma-kóyóní maŋ</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> H H H </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘the rain water’</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">/L-HHH/</p>
</td>
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</tbody></table><div><br></div><div>However, the answer isn't always "automatic" when neutralization occurs in both directions. Steve Anderson talked a lot about this in his generative treatment of consonant gradation in Fula in 1976. As you can see below, you can't perfectly predict the "continuant" series from the "stop" series or vice-versa--without, for instance, giving the two [w]'s and the two [b]'s different abstract representations (w --> b or g; b --> b or w etc.).<div><br></div><div><span style="color:rgb(55,55,55);font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px;background-color:rgb(249,249,249)">Anderson, Stephen R. (1976). “On the Description of Consonant Gradation in Fula.” </span><em style="border:0px;font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px;margin:0px;outline:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;color:rgb(55,55,55);background-color:rgb(249,249,249)">Studies in African Linguistics</em><span style="color:rgb(55,55,55);font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px;background-color:rgb(249,249,249)"> 7:93-136.</span><br><div><br></div><div><img src="cid:ii_md6030h90" alt="image.png" width="562" height="95">(page 101)</div><div><br></div><div>The question is how much of this is phonology vs. morphology. </div><div><font size="4"><br></font></div>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="margin:0px;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-size-adjust:none;font-kerning:auto;font-feature-settings:normal;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:Times"><font size="4">We would like any proposed underlying representation of an alternating</font></p>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="margin:0px;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-size-adjust:none;font-kerning:auto;font-feature-settings:normal;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:Times"><font size="4">root or suffix to meet the following basic condition: it</font></p>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="margin:0px;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-size-adjust:none;font-kerning:auto;font-feature-settings:normal;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:Times"><font size="4">should be possible to predict from this representation, by means of</font></p>
<p class="gmail-p1" style="margin:0px;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-alternates:normal;font-size-adjust:none;font-kerning:auto;font-feature-settings:normal;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:Times"><font size="4">the system of rules, as much as possible of the range of variation</font></p>
<div><span style="font-family:Times"><font size="4">the element shows. (Anderson 1976:107)</font></span><br></div></div></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Jul 16, 2025 at 2:59 AM randylapolla via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div> <div dir="auto">Hi David,</div><div dir="auto">Thanks for your message. Yes, that was why I added “has been analyzed as”. I was actually at the talk in Beijing at Peking University in 1982 when Hashimoto Mantaro first presented the idea of reversing the analysis. I thought it made sense, with the tonic syllable being the one to change, especially as stress can influence which syllables change or don’t change, but I later asked the Chinese linguists who had been at the talk what they thought of the idea, and they just dismissed it out of hand, but of course never said anything to Mantaro about it given his stature in the field. So it never prospered and we still have the old analysis. </div><div dir="auto">But your point is well taken, and shows how subjective our analyses are. </div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Randy</div><div><br></div> <div><br></div><div><br></div>On Wed, Jul 16, 2025 at 5:08 PM, David Gil <<a href="mailto:On+Wed,+Jul+16,+2025+at+5:08+PM,+David+Gil+%3C%3Ca+href=" target="_blank">dapiiiiit@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<blockquote type="cite"> <div dir="ltr">
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Randy,
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<br>
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<div>
Regarding the tone sandhi, a situation similar to what you describe occurs also for some speakers of Southern Min varieties in Singapore, with what appears to be a single citation tone "going to" two different sandhi tones. However, the situation can be demystified by reversing the order of the derivation, analyzing the sandhi tone as the basic one, and deriving the citation tone from the sandhi tone. As I recall from when I was working on this (which was some time back!), there were arguments for and against both of the possible directions of derivation (citation to sandhi, or sandhi to citation).
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David
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On Wed, Jul 16, 2025 at 10:52 AM randylapolla via Lingtyp <
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:
<br>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class="gmail_quote">
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Hi Guillaume,
<div>
<blockquote style="color:rgb(0,0,0)" type="cite">
<p>In other words, two acoustically identical vowels could trigger two acoustically distinct suffixes.</p>
</blockquote>This is interesting, and should make us think about how we think about what is going on in communication. It seems we are not just coding and decoding using symbols.
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<br>
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There is something similar in the Southern Min variety of Sinitic spoken in the Philippines. Southern Min varieties have been analysed as having a complex tone sandhi system where all of the syllables in phrase change tone except the last, with each of the nine tones becoming a predictable other tone within the system (I’m simplifying a lot here). The interesting thing in the variety spoken here in the Philippines is that the historical 3rd and 6th tones merged in citation (non-sandhi pronunciation), but still have different sandhi forms. So it can’t be that speakers are “converting” from the citation tone to the sandhi tone in a generative way.
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Randy
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<blockquote type="cite">
<div>
On 16 Jul 2025, at 12:04 AM, Guillaume Segerer via Lingtyp <
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:
</div>
<br>
<div>
<div>
<p>Let me add a little story to this interesting discussion, although it might not be absolutely relevant:<br> In several varieties of Joola (Senegal), there are two distinct words for ‘milk’ : m-ɪɪɬ-am ‘woman's milk’ and m-iiɬ-əm ‘cow's milk’. In both cases, the initial m- is a noun class marker, and the ending is a kind of minimal determiner of the shape -AC, where C is a consonant identical to that of the noun class marker (hence /m/ here), and A is either /a/ (-ATR) or /ə/ (+ATR) harmonizing with the radical vowel. The funny thing is as follows: all the speakers that I could ask so far say these two words are really different. And, it is true that the auditory perception of /a/ and /ə/ are obvious for me. But when it comes to the difference between /ɪ/ and /i/, my french ears cannot perceive it nicely. More investigations (from asking Ian Maddieson's impression to echography) did not yield any conclusive solution. /ɪ/ and /i/ seemed to resist. So i cut the audio signal as to keep only the long /ɪ/ and the long /i/, and submitted these sounds to my consultants. They were actually unable to distinguish between the two supposedly distinct vowel qualities. In other words, two acoustically identical vowels could trigger two acoustically distinct suffixes. Isn't this a nice example of the diffference between phonetics and phonology?</p>
<p>Guillaume<br> </p>
<div>
Le 13/07/2025 à 18:45, Larry M Hyman via Lingtyp a écrit :
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<blockquote type="cite">
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Thanks for these further clarifications, Christian. I agree with everything you wrote. Concerning
<span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif">[</span>
<font style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif" color="#212121">ɪ] and [e] not being defined in terms of acoustic features, I'm not sure what phoneticians would say, but as a phonologist this has always been clear (and I should have made it clearer in my comments). Besides Daniel Jones' cardinal vowel prototypes, we have feature systems which are designed to capture generalizations. In a binary feature approach, </font>
<span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif">[</span>
<font style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif" color="#212121">ɪ] would be [+high, -back, -ATR], while [e] would be [-high, -low, -back, +ATR]. In terms of defining concepts in terms of a system, this is why I mentioned the harmony relationship between </font>
<span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif">[</span>
<font style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif" color="#212121">ɪ] or [e] and /ɛ/ and the historical merger with *i in 5V systems. Unfortunately we are not always lucky enough for a language to provide compelling phonological facts that will help us determine the featural analysis, so we are stuck with what we think the vowel sounds like (or looks like on a screen). Since this is not clear in many Bantu languages, I have simply followed the practice of the Tervuren school and talked about 7V systems in terms of first, second and third degree vowels, where </font>
<font style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif" color="#212121"> </font>
<span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif">[</span>
<font style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif" color="#212121">ɪ] or [e] would be second degree, /i/ being first.</font>
<div>
<font style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif" color="#212121"><br> </font>
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<div>
<font style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif" color="#212121">Since you mentioned Daniel Jones, I thought I'd share something that Matthew Dryer brought up with me in Canberra in 2011 where our two-week workshop consisted of three groups investigating "How to Study a Tone Language" with native speakers of three New Guinea languages. When the issue came up of how to recognize tonal contrasts, and I answered too simplistically, Matthew pointed out that we don't have cardinal tones to help us categorize pitches.</font>
<span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif;color:rgb(33,33,33)"> Although working on tone for decades, I had never thought of this.</span>
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On Sun, Jul 13, 2025 at 4:27 AM Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:
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<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US"> <font face="Liberation Serif, serif">Thanks for this discussion. Some discussants emphasize that the data linguists are faced with display variation and arbitrariness at all 'lectal' levels while others insist on the search for underlying principles that reduce the freedom. One might say that that is a moot ideological dispute because both parties have a point. It seems clear that the proponents of systematicity can hope to advance our knowledge of language only if the principles (rules, laws) that they establish take the existent variation into account. It should be equally clear that the search for systematicity in the object area is precisely the task of empirical science. The unbiased representation of the data and the orderly description of their distribution is a presupposition, but it is not the goal of science. The goal is to reduce this description to the most simple and general form possible.</font></p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US"> <font face="Liberation Serif, serif">This brings me back to the dispute - which has popped up on this list more than once - over the role of comparative concepts. They are necessary in typology. Typological assessments and generalizations are couched in terms of comparative concepts like 'seven-vowel system vs. five-vowel system'. To say that such concepts have no 'lect-independent' status is dodging the issue. Concepts such as [<font color="#212121">ɪ] and [e]</font> have a general, language independent status. Otherwise what generations of typologists have said about them would be gibberish. And of course, they are not defined in terms of acoustic features. They are defined by combining a prototype (as Daniel Jones once did for vowels) with what E. Keenan once called 'behavioral properties' like being able to make a contrast in minimal pairs, getting neutralized together with a neighboring phone in certain contexts and so forth. The same goes, needless to say, for concepts at other levels of the language system like 'passive' and 'antipassive', 'ergative vs. accusative structure', 'agglutinative vs. isolating morphology' (this is just being used in the simultaneous discussion on glossing) and so forth.</font></p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US"> <font face="Liberation Serif, serif">And such concepts are relative in the sense that they are not put up in isolation but in the context of a system of other concepts. Thus, the definition of an [<font color="#212121">ɪ] is accompanied by a definition of [e], the definition of a passive construction goes together with (at least) the definition of an active construction, and so forth. The simultaneous definition of neighboring concepts renders it possible to apply them despite their prototypical nature.</font></font></p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US"> <font face="Liberation Serif, serif"><font color="#212121">Such definitions regulate the use of comparative concepts in language description and comparison. They regulate whether a particular phone in a language will be called [ɪ] or rather [e]. If one took an agnostic position concerning the validity of one rather than another concept in the categorization of a given phenomenon, one would render typological work and, ultimately, generalizations about human language impossible. That is, one would deny linguistics the status of a science.</font></font></p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0cm" lang="en-US"> <font face="Liberation Serif, serif"><font color="#212121">We are not talking about whether linguistics is a science in the same sense as chemistry is. Nor are we talking about whether all those comparative concepts that linguists have been using over the past two centuries have been defined well or always been used responsibly. We are talking about the necessity and possibility of defining and using comparative concepts in linguistic work.</font></font></p>
<br>
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--
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<p style="font-size:90%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br> Rudolfstr. 4<br> 99092 Erfurt<br> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span></p>
<table style="font-size:80%">
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<td>Tel.:</td>
<td>+49/361/2113417</td>
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<td>E-Post:</td>
<td><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de" target="_blank">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a></td>
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<td>Web:</td>
<td><a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu/" target="_blank">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a></td>
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Larry M. Hyman, Distinguished Professor of the Graduate School
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<pre>_______________________________________________
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<pre cols="72">David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:dapiiiiit@gmail.com" target="_blank">dapiiiiit@gmail.com</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-526117713
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-082113720302</pre>
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</blockquote></div><div><br clear="all"></div><div><br></div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Larry M. Hyman, Distinguished Professor of the Graduate School</div><div>& Director, France-Berkeley Fund, University of California, Berkeley</div><div><a href="https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman" style="color:rgb(17,85,204)" target="_blank">https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman</a><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>