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<p class="p1">Hi Dan – While I know that these forms exist, I’m not clear on how they differ from the more synthetic Preterito Indefinido (<i>buscó</i>) and Imperfecto (<i>buscaba</i>). In first approximation,
<i>estaba buscando</i> should mean the same as <i>buscaba</i> and <i>estuvo buscando</i> should mean the same as
<i>buscó</i>. We might hypothesize that the more analytical forms with <i>estar</i> are in an early stage of renewing the synthetic forms. Do you see any evidence of this in the Frog Stories? – Best – Juergen<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
Web: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
<br>
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="color:black">From: </span></b><span style="color:black">Dan I Slobin <slobin@berkeley.edu><br>
<b>Date: </b>Monday, August 4, 2025 at 05:08<br>
<b>To: </b>Juergen Bohnemeyer <jb77@buffalo.edu><br>
<b>Cc: </b>Adam James Ross Tallman <ajrtallman@utexas.edu>, Sergey Loesov <sergeloesov@gmail.com>, LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] once again about perfective vs. imperfective aspect<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black">You don't often get email from slobin@berkeley.edu.
<a href="https://aka.ms/LearnAboutSenderIdentification">Learn why this is important</a>
</span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Here's another quirk from Spanish, a language with a rich collection of tense/aspect forms. It is possible to<span style="font-size:11.0pt"> take two perspectives on a past durative event in a narrative, considering
the event as continuing or as a completed durative process. The past progressive is formed with
<i>estar</i> ‘be’ + PRESENT.PARTICIPLE. The past auxiliary <i>estar</i> can be either imperfective (<i>estaba</i>) or perfective (<i>estuvo</i>). For example, consider a story in which a search (<i>buscar</i>)<i>
</i>is ongoing: <i>estaba buscando</i> indicates continuous searching throughout the story. However, if the search is completed before the end of the story,
<i>estuvo buscando </i>indicates the total duration of an event that had been extended in time earlier in the narrative.
</span>Both forms translate in English as "was searching." <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">This is not a matter of an imperfective-perfective continuum, but rather a matter of treating an imperfective past situation as bounded or unbounded.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">- Dan</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="ES" style="font-size:10.0pt">Sebastián, E., & Slobin, D. I. (1994).
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Development of linguistic forms: Spanish. In R. A. Berman & D. I. Slobin (Eds.),
<i>Relating events in narrative: A crosslinguistic developmental study </i>(pp. 239-284)<i>.</i> Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">On Thu, Jul 31, 2025 at 7:08<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span>AM Juergen Bohnemeyer via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Dear Adam – Just adding a few references: </span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">There is definitely a perfective-imperfective continuum as far as the likelihood of different lexical/situational-aspectual classes to occur with (im)perfective reference goes. This is explored in Becker & Malchukov (2022),
which builds, among other things, upon observations in Bohnemeyer & Swift (2004).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">The correlation between perfective aspect and foregrounding and non-perfective aspect and backgrounding was pointed out long ago by Hopper (1982) and by the early DRT literature. An account that dispenses with the stipulations
of the DRT framework is developed in Bohnemeyer (2009).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Best – Juergen</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Becker, L. & A. Malchukov. (2022). Semantic maps and typological hierarchies: Evidence for the Actionality Hierarchy.
<i>Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft</i> 41(1): 31-66. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2044" target="_blank">
https://doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2044</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Bohnemeyer, J. (2009). Temporal anaphora in a tenseless language. In W. Klein & P. Li (eds.),
<i>The expression of time in language</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 83-128. <a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/MdG_ECC-Time_04_Bohnemeyer.pdf" target="_blank">
Preprint</a>.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Bohnemeyer, J. & M. Swift. (2004). Event realization and default aspect<i>. Linguistics and</i>
<i>Philosophy </i>27(3): 263-296. <a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/LING482_02_final.pdf" target="_blank">
Preprint</a>. <a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/defaultaspect-corrections.pdf" target="_blank">
Errata</a>.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"CMU Serif"">Hopper, P. J. (1982). Aspect between discourse and grammar: An introductory essay for the volume. In P. J. Hopper (ed.),
<i>Tense-aspect: Between semantics and pragmatics. Containings the contributions to a symposium on tense and aspect, held at UCLA, May 1979</i>. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 3-18.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black">Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus<br>
Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825<br>
Email: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank" title="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0078D4">jb77@buffalo.edu</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
Web: </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" target="_blank" title="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:#0563C1">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"> <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black">Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm in 642 Baldy or via Zoom (Meeting ID 585 520 2411; Passcode Hoorheh) </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Helvetica;color:black"><br>
<br>
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In <br>
(Leonard Cohen) </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">-- </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<b><span style="color:black">From: </span></b><span style="color:black">Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Adam James Ross Tallman via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, July 31, 2025 at 02:51<br>
<b>To: </b>Sergey Loesov <<a href="mailto:sergeloesov@gmail.com" target="_blank">sergeloesov@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc: </b><a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] once again about perfective vs. imperfective aspect</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">Hi Sergey,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">Me and Andres Salanova worked on this problem a little, so
<b><i>maybe</i></b> our project relates to your question. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">We wondered whether there was a continuum (or in whether it is useful to posit a continuum) between perfective and imperfective somehow, but couldn't make much sense of this idea in the end.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">One way of approaching it, which we chose in the end, is by just deciding that perfective = narrative time advancement, and imperfective = no narrative time advancement, operationalizing this distinction
so it can be coded in naturalistic speech and seeing with which morphemes it correlates. The degree to which a morpheme or construction correlates that distinction is the degree to which it is perfective or imperfective.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">Fairly descriptive, but we thought it might be a starting point for investigating typological variation. A proceedings paper is available <a href="http://www.ddl.cnrs.fr/fulltext/DDL/Salanova_2022.pdf" target="_blank">here.</a> (if
the link doesn't work let me know)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">I thought that it would correlate a lot with lexical aspects, e.g. you just tend to get imperfective readings more in contexts where you have stative verbs. But we didn't have enough data to assess this
I think. It turns out in Chácobo the past tense marker is the most consistently correlated with narrative time advancement and in Araona its whether you use a verbal or nonverbal predicate construction (nonverbal predicate constructions are associated with
narrative time non-advancement naturally). Something similar was found for Mebengokre. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">But, I'd be very interested to hear if anyone was able to somehow measure (im)perfectivity using a different conceptual-measurement framework. I think this work remained pretty preliminary.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">best,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#4C1130">A. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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On Sun, Jul 27, 2025 at 5:20<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span>PM Sergey Loesov via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear colleagues,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Please allow me a naïve question: do we believe in a one-feature binary opposition of “perfective” vs. “imperfective” aspect in languages that, unlike English (e.g., yesterday he wrote ~ yesterday he was writing)
or Spanish (ayer escribió ~ ayer estaba escribiendo), do not exhibit a clear-cut morphological distinction of this kind within the same tense, if I may put it as simply as possible?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Thank you very much!</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sergey</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
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<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span class="m-2865452013657280026gmailsignatureprefix">-- </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Adam J.R. Tallman</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Post-doctoral Researcher </span>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Friedrich Schiller Universität</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Department of English Studies</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<o:p></o:p></p>
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<span class="gmailsignatureprefix">-- </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> </span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in">
<i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dan I. Slobin
</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
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<i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Psychology and </span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
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<i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Distinguished Affiliated Professor Emeritus of Linguistics</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
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<i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">University of California, Berkeley</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
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<i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">email: <a href="mailto:slobin@berkeley.edu" target="_blank">
slobin@berkeley.edu</a></span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
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<i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:#3D85C6"><a href="https://danslobin.academia.edu/research" target="_blank">https://danslobin.academia.edu/research</a></span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
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<i><u><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#674EA7"><a href="https://archive.org/search?query=Slobin&sin=TXT" target="_blank">https://archive.org/search?query=Slobin&sin=TXT</a></span></u></i><o:p></o:p></p>
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<i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">address: 2323 Rose St., Berkeley, CA 94708, USA</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
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<i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">I acknowledge that the UC-Berkeley campus is on the traditional,
</span></i><o:p></o:p></p>
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<i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ancestral, and unceded land of the Ohlone people.
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