<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div id="m_3135754790320416171gmail-:jpk" aria-label="Message Body" role="textbox" aria-multiline="true" style="direction:ltr;min-height:85px" aria-controls=":juf" aria-expanded="false"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear Ian,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">I’ve waited a week to see if others might answer in more
explanatory phonetic terms, but since you got me thinking, I thought I’d offer
a few comments about the nasal-stop asymmetries you noted.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Since you only presented labials and
dental-alveolars, here is a more complete table of what we need to consider (in
fact, more).</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">“Better” Onsets</p>
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</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">“Worse” Onsets </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">pm</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">pn</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">pŋ</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">mp</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">np</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ŋp</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">tm</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">tn</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">tŋ</p>
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</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">mt</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">nt</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ŋt</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">km</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">kn</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">kŋ</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">mk</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">nk</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ŋk</p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">While your numbers aren’t large and some of the differences
are not so great (e.g. 11 mt- vs. 15 tm-), I think you are right that heterorganic
CN is a much more common onset than NC. I would relate this to the Sonority
Sequencing Constraint whereby a better CC onset would be one where the first C
is less sonorous (e.g. a stop), than the second C (e.g. a sonorant). Thus, pl-
is a good onset, while lp- is less so (and much rarer). The mirror image
generally holds for codas: -lp is better than -pl. As Gussenhoven and Jacobs (2005:
138) put it: “syllables prefer to start with a bang and end with a whimper”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">While the generalization covers more than nasal+stop or
stop+nasal, nasals do present a special situation. <span style="font-size:12pt">The African languages I work on generally do not have
complex onsets, but there are many which have either prenasalized consonants,
syllabic nasal + consonant, or both. Nasally released CN is less attested,
although importantly in Gwari [</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal">gbr</span><span style="font-size:12pt">],
a Benue-Congo language of Nigeria (see below). Whether to analyze homorganic NC and CN as one vs. two segments is a question
that commonly arises. </span>Heterorganic<span style="font-size:12pt"> NC and CN are (always?) two segments.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Coming back to the asymmetry you point out, I think it also
could be useful to look at the origin of the complex clusters. I assume that consonant
clusters mostly come from syncope, e.g. the yer phenomena in Slavic and vowel
weakening in the minor syllable of sesquisyllabic languages in Southeast Asia. In
Hyman (1972)<i>,</i> <i> </i>I showed, ignoring vowel nasalization,
the following sequence of changes: *CVNV > CNV > CV᷉. Gwari shows the
second step with nasal release. (In doing my fieldwork back in 1970, the [a] of
Cŋa was perceptually oral to me. Although it may be slightly nasalized, it
certainly does not sound like closely related Nupe
[<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal">nup</span>], which has fully nasalized vowels
instead of nasally related consonants, e.g. gã̀ ‘speak’.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none">
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<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Gwari</p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">cf. Proto-Grassfields Bantu</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ò-kŋǎ</p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘monkey’</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">*káná</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">kŋā</p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘to fry’</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">*káŋ-i</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">gŋà</p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">‘to speak’</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">*ɣàm</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">So the question is whether syncope would be equally likely
to produce such onsets as tm- and mt- from *tVmV and *mVtV, respectively? Siva
has already pointed out that *m would tend to undergo homorganic nasal
assimilation, i.e. mtV > ntV. Another possibility is that the nasal would become
syllabic, as is often the case in African languages. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Again there is a parallel with /l/. In a number of West
African languages earlier CVlV alternates with ClV, which ultimately wins out
(see Sande 2024 for a recent statement about this phenomenon in Kru languages).
Idoma [<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-variant-alternates:normal">idu</span>], a Benue-Congo
language of Nigeria, actually has Cl̩V, where the /l/ (--> [r] after
coronals) is syllabic and tone-bearing (Abraham 1951/1967: 108, Hyman 1985: 49),
e.g. pĺ̩-à ‘deceived’, ú-dŕ̩-ō ‘navel’. Interestingly, syllabic /l/ doesn’t
appear after nasals. Instead, the nasal is syllabic and the liquid a lone
(non-syllabic) onset consonant: m̩̀lɛ̀ ‘swallowed’. Preconsonantal syllabic nasals
are “better” than post-consonantal liquids!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br>
I assume that your asymmetry holds of onsets in general, not just in
word-initial position, where longer (and more unusual) consonant sequences
would be more likely. However, it does not hold for heterosyllabic consonant
clusters. Instead we find the reverse asymmetry when consonants meet across syllables
(cf. Vennemann 1988):</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
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<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="3" valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">“Worse” Contacts</p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">“Better” Contacts</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">p.m</p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">p.n</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">p.ŋ</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">m.p</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">n.p</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ŋ.p</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">t.m</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">t.n</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">t.ŋ</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">m.t</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">n.t</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ŋ.t</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" style="border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">k.m</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">k.n</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">k.ŋ</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">m.k</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">n.k</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0in 5.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ŋ.k</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">This again has to do with sonority: with <a href="http://CVN.CV" target="_blank">CVN.CV</a> we get Gussenhoven
& Jacob’s coda whimper followed by an onset bang.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Thanks for getting me thinking about this.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cited works:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Abraham, R.C. 1951/1967. <i>The
Idoma language</i>. London: University of London Press.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Gussenhoven, Carlos & Haike Jacobs. 2005. Understanding
phonology. 2nd Edition. London: Hodder Arnold. (I haven’t checked more recent
editions).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Hyman, Larry M. 1972. Nasals and nasalization in Kwa. <i>Studies in African Linguistics</i>
3.167-206.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Hyman, Larry M. 1985. <i>A
theory of phonological weight</i>. Dordrecht: Foris. (Reprinted with a new
introduction with William R. Leben. Stanford, CSLI, 2003.)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Sande, Hannah. 2024. Insertion or deletion? CVCV/CCV
alternations in Kru languages. In Ji Yea Kim, Veronica Miatto, Andrija Petrović
& Lori Repetti (eds.), <i>Epenthesis and
beyond: Recent approaches to insertion in phonology and its interfaces</i>, 21–55.
Berlin: Language Science Pres</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span><span style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">Vennemann, Theo</span></span><span style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">. <span><span style="box-sizing:border-box">1988</span></span>. <span><i><span style="box-sizing:border-box">Preference laws for syllable structure and the explanation of
sound change: With special reference to German, Germanic, Italian, and Latin</span></i></span>. <span><span style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:0.125rem">Berlin</span></span>: Mouton de Gruyter.</span></p></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Aug 5, 2025 at 2:48 AM JOO Ian via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div>
<div lang="ko-JP">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Dear typologists,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">It has occurred to me that homoorganic nasal-plosive onset clusters (e.g. /mp-/) seem to be more common than homoorganic plosive-nasal onset clusters (e.g. /pm-/),
whereas heteroorganic plosive-nasal clusters (e.g. /pn-/) are more common than heteroorganic nasal-plosive clusters (e.g. /np/-).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">For example, based on
<a href="https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/lingty-2023-0094" target="_blank">Phonotacticon 1.0</a>, which is limited to Eurasia, the following number of lects have the following onset clusters:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:44pt">
<u></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span>l<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">/pm-/ : 2<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:44pt">
<u></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span>l<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">/mp-/ : 12<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:44pt">
<u></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span>l<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">/pn-/ : 14<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:44pt">
<u></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span>l<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">/np-/ : 4<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">When looking at, say, /tn- nt- tm- mt-/, the pattern is the sameː<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:44pt">
<u></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span>l<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">/tn-/ ː 8<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:44pt">
<u></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span>l<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">/nt-/ ː 13<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:44pt">
<u></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span>l<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">/tm- / ː 15<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:44pt">
<u></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span>l<span style="font:7pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><u></u><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">/mt-/ ː 11<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">What could explain this assymetry?<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">From Otaru,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Ian<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="word-break:keep-all">
<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black">- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black">
<span lang="EN-US">-</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"><br>
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black">朱 易安</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"> <br>
JOO, IAN <br>
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black">准教授</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"> <br>
Associate Professor <br>
</span><span lang="KO" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:black">小樽商科大学</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"> <br>
Otaru University of Commerce<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Apple Color Emoji";color:black">🌐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"> <a href="http://ianjoo.github.io/" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(113,79,188)">ianjoo.github.io</span></a><br>
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
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</div></blockquote></div><div><br clear="all"></div><div><br></div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Larry M. Hyman, Distinguished Professor of the Graduate School</div><div>& Director, France-Berkeley Fund, University of California, Berkeley</div><div><a href="https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman" style="color:rgb(17,85,204)" target="_blank">https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~hyman</a><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div>