<div dir="ltr"><div>This one comes to mind for me:</div><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail-csl-bib-body" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:1.35;margin-left:2em"><div class="gmail-csl-entry">Hopper, Paul J. & Thompson, Sandra A. 1984. The discourse basis for lexical categories in Universal Grammar.<span class="gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Language</i>. Linguistic Society of America 60(4). 703–752. (doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/413797">10.2307/413797</a>)</div><span class="gmail-Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F413797&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20discourse%20basis%20for%20lexical%20categories%20in%20Universal%20Grammar&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.aufirst=Paul%20J.&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.au=Paul%20J.%20Hopper&rft.au=Sandra%20A.%20Thompson&rft.date=1984&rft.pages=703-752&rft.spage=703&rft.epage=752&rft.issn=0097-8507"></span></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, 22 Sept 2025 at 20:58, <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp-request@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Send Lingtyp mailing list submissions to<br>
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Today's Topics:<br>
<br>
1. Question about functional linguistics (Eitan Grossman)<br>
2. Workshop at the International Morphology Meeting 22: The<br>
Evolution of Non-Concatenative Morphology (Matthew Baerman)<br>
3. Re: Question about functional linguistics (Riccardo Giomi)<br>
4. Re: Question about functional linguistics (Christian Lehmann)<br>
5. Re: Question about functional linguistics (Artem Fedorinchyk)<br>
6. Re: [EXTERN] Question about functional linguistics (Uta Rein?hl)<br>
7. Re: L > N (Matthew Dryer)<br>
<br>
<br>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 1<br>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 16:21:58 +0300<br>
From: Eitan Grossman <<a href="mailto:eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il" target="_blank">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</a>><br>
To: LINGTYP <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: [Lingtyp] Question about functional linguistics<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<CAA00bNm5dq3=asgiDcRVgi_Xi0q45ms0UKcPUuA79P6=<a href="mailto:aPVirQ@mail.gmail.com" target="_blank">aPVirQ@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
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<br>
Hi all,<br>
<br>
This is maybe a mail for a mailing list that no longer exists, the old<br>
FunkNet, but I thought I'd give it a try.<br>
<br>
I am putting together a syllabus for an advanced BA course on functional<br>
linguistics, and have been re-reading a lot of the articles that have been<br>
meaningful for me over the years, and it is difficult to make a choice.<br>
<br>
I wanted to ask for the wisdom of the crowd -- what articles (or books) in<br>
functional linguistics have been meaningful for you? What have you read<br>
with students? What works do you think every student should read?<br>
<br>
I should say that I have in mind what is usually called West Coast<br>
Functionalism and usage-based linguistics, but would be happy to hear your<br>
thoughts on other perspectives.<br>
<br>
Any replies would be much appreciated, and I would be happy to share the<br>
resulting reading list/syllabus.<br>
<br>
Eitan<br>
<br>
<br>
Eitan Grossman<br>
Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
Department of Linguistics<br>
Hebrew University of Jerusalem<br>
Tel: +972 2 588 3809<br>
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Message: 2<br>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 14:36:47 +0000<br>
From: Matthew Baerman <<a href="mailto:m.baerman@surrey.ac.uk" target="_blank">m.baerman@surrey.ac.uk</a>><br>
To: "<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>"<br>
<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>><br>
Subject: [Lingtyp] Workshop at the International Morphology Meeting<br>
22: The Evolution of Non-Concatenative Morphology<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a href="mailto:DB7PR06MB46037CF6E6C536A7A410AB07C912A@DB7PR06MB4603.eurprd06.prod.outlook.com" target="_blank">DB7PR06MB46037CF6E6C536A7A410AB07C912A@DB7PR06MB4603.eurprd06.prod.outlook.com</a>><br>
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<br>
Workshop at the International Morphology Meeting 22, Budapest<br>
<br>
The Evolution of Non-Concatenative Morphology<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Date: 28-31 May-2026<br>
<br>
Location: Budapest, Hungary<br>
<br>
Contact: Matthew Baerman<br>
<br>
Contact Email: <a href="mailto:m.baerman@surrey.ac.uk" target="_blank">m.baerman@surrey.ac.uk</a><br>
<br>
Meeting URL: <a href="https://nilomorph.eu/imm-workshop-2026/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://nilomorph.eu/imm-workshop-2026/</a><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Submission Deadline: 09-Jan-2026<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Invited speaker: Pavel Iosad (University of Edinburgh)<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Morphological alternations can be realized through the concatenation of affixes, or through non-concatenative processes that do not involve the addition of segmental material, such as modifications of suprasegmental features (e.g. length or tone), or the featural constituents of segments (e.g. vowel height, consonantal manner of articulation). The two nouns below, from Nuer (a West Nilotic language of South Sudan and Ethiopia), illustrate the contrast: the plural of ?pelican? is formed by concatenation of a suffix, while the plural of ?snail? is formed by a suite of non-concatenative operations: lengthening, a change in tone, raising of the vowel, and lenition of the final consonant.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
b???? ?pelican? ~ b????-n?? ?pelicans?<br>
<br>
lw??k ?snail? ~ lw???? ?snails? (Bond et al. 2020)<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Accounts of morphological alternations generally regard the concatenation of affixes as the typical case. Linguistics textbooks and handbooks will typically introduce the concept of morphology through the use of suffixes, reserving examples of non-concatenative morphology, such as stem-vowel alternations, for later and more advanced stages of the discussion. Some theoretical approaches also reflect this asymmetry, taking concatenation as not just typical but as underlyingly primary, with non-concatenative process as a surface epiphenomenon (see various contributions to Trommer 2012). On the other hand, a growing body of work within a Word-and-Paradigm framework that focuses on the discriminative properties of morphological contrasts makes no principled synchronic distinction between concatenative and non-concatenative operations (Carroll & Beniamine 2025).<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
But even if one rejects the idea that non-concatenative morphology is somehow subordinate and therefore atypical, a curious asymmetry still emerges. Nearly every type of non-concatenative morphological alternation has a demonstrated or at least plausible origin in segmental material which has undergone phonological erosion and transformation. Thus the alternations in (1) can be traced to the phonological influence of former suffixes (Andersen 1990, 1999), likewise other familiar examples such as Indo-European ablaut (Zhivlov 2019), Germanic umlaut, or the templatic morphology of Semitic (Wilson 2020). That means it may be possible to explain all non-concatenative morphology as diachronically secondary, whatever our take on synchrony. This workshop is dedicated to exploring this proposition, and is structured around two themes:<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
1. Pathways to non-concatenative morphology, where we ask what the typological tendencies are and what constraints there are, if any. Possible questions include: (a) Which kinds of units or domains tend to be lost or preserved? For example, it has been suggested that these typically align with prosodic categories like feet, syllables, or morae, rather than morphological or morphosyntactic categories. (b) What role does morphological redundancy play? Non-concatenative processes often emerge in conjunction with segmental marking. Redundancy is then often resolved by losing the segment while the secondary phonological cue is retained and reinterpreted as morphological. Alternatively, prosodic material may be sacrificed instead, triggering processes like mora-sharing,metathesis, infixation, etc. (c) What role does metrical structure play? For example, languages with initial metrical prominence will be more prone to erosion of suffixal segmental material. (d) How does morphophonological <br>
typology affect the diachronic trajectory? For example, it is likely that systems with inward-directed phonological processes (targeting the root) will be more prone to develop non-concatenative morphology than systems with outward-directed processes.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
2. Synchronic typology, where we ask how much of the attested typological landscape of non-concatenative morphology can be attributed to the diachronic transformation of affixes. Questions include: (a) Are there non-concatenative processes that cannot be explained by diachrony, and must be recognized as fundamental primitives? If so, how would this affect models of synchronic morphology? And if not, would this confirm the view that all morphology is underlyingly concatenative? (b) Are there non-concatenative processes that the laws of sound change could plausibly produce but which are unattested?<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
We invite papers (20 minutes, with 10 minutes for questions) addressing any of the above themes. Please send an abstract of no more than one page to mailto:<a href="mailto:evoconcaten8@gmail.com" target="_blank">evoconcaten8@gmail.com</a> by 05 January 2026. Abstracts should be anonymous and in pdf format, with identifying information in the body of the email.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
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Message: 3<br>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 14:40:41 +0000<br>
From: Riccardo Giomi <<a href="mailto:r.giomi@uva.nl" target="_blank">r.giomi@uva.nl</a>><br>
To: LINGTYP <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>, Eitan Grossman<br>
<<a href="mailto:eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il" target="_blank">eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Question about functional linguistics<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a href="mailto:DU0PR10MB53356E9F739C3FBB35C0BF9A8D12A@DU0PR10MB5335.EURPRD10.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM" target="_blank">DU0PR10MB53356E9F739C3FBB35C0BF9A8D12A@DU0PR10MB5335.EURPRD10.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM</a>><br>
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<br>
Dear Eitan (and all),<br>
<br>
I can't tell if (parts of) this would be an appropriate reading for your course, and quite possibly you already know the book; but for sure, a very meaningful and theoretically solid overview of functional approaches is<br>
<br>
Christopher S. Butler & Francisco Gonz?lvez-Garc?a. 2014. Exploring Functional-Cognitive Space. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<br>
<br>
For me, this is a true reference book.<br>
<br>
Best wishes,<br>
Riccardo<br>
<br>
Riccardo Giomi<br>
Assistant Professor of Functional Linguistics<br>
University of Amsterdam<br>
Faculty of Humanities: Department of Linguistics<br>
Spuistraat 134, 1012 VB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands<br>
________________________________<br>
From: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Eitan Grossman via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Sent: 22 September 2025 15:21<br>
To: LINGTYP <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: [Lingtyp] Question about functional linguistics<br>
<br>
Hi all,<br>
<br>
This is maybe a mail for a mailing list that no longer exists, the old FunkNet, but I thought I'd give it a try.<br>
<br>
I am putting together a syllabus for an advanced BA course on functional linguistics, and have been re-reading a lot of the articles that have been meaningful for me over the years, and it is difficult to make a choice.<br>
<br>
I wanted to ask for the wisdom of the crowd -- what articles (or books) in functional linguistics have been meaningful for you? What have you read with students? What works do you think every student should read?<br>
<br>
I should say that I have in mind what is usually called West Coast Functionalism and usage-based linguistics, but would be happy to hear your thoughts on other perspectives.<br>
<br>
Any replies would be much appreciated, and I would be happy to share the resulting reading list/syllabus.<br>
<br>
Eitan<br>
<br>
<br>
Eitan Grossman<br>
Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
Department of Linguistics<br>
Hebrew University of Jerusalem<br>
Tel: +972 2 588 3809<br>
<br>
<br>
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<br>
Message: 4<br>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 18:12:59 +0200<br>
From: Christian Lehmann <<a href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de" target="_blank">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>><br>
To: <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Question about functional linguistics<br>
Message-ID: <a0bbc762-aa3a-42b5-8820-c7256518c541@Uni-Erfurt.De><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; Format="flowed"<br>
<br>
Giv?n, Talmy 1979, /On understanding grammar/. New York etc.: Academic <br>
Press (Perspectives in Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics).<br>
-- <br>
<br>
Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
Deutschland<br>
<br>
Tel.: +49/361/2113417<br>
E-Post: <a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de" target="_blank">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a><br>
Web: <a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a><br>
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Message: 5<br>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 19:22:35 +0300<br>
From: Artem Fedorinchyk <<a href="mailto:artem.fedorinqyk@gmail.com" target="_blank">artem.fedorinqyk@gmail.com</a>><br>
To: Christian Lehmann <<a href="mailto:christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de" target="_blank">christian.lehmann@uni-erfurt.de</a>><br>
Cc: <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Question about functional linguistics<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a href="mailto:CA%2BHukpy46Sy4wjgFAKN%2BBb8f2fvSURDSrjOt8Oe0w3z-oY%2BW-w@mail.gmail.com" target="_blank">CA+Hukpy46Sy4wjgFAKN+Bb8f2fvSURDSrjOt8Oe0w3z-oY+W-w@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Oh maybe even:<br>
Giv?n T. On understanding grammar. Revised edition (2018)<br>
<br>
On Mon, 22 Sept 2025 at 19:16, Christian Lehmann via Lingtyp <<br>
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> wrote:<br>
<br>
> Giv?n, Talmy 1979, *On understanding grammar*. New York etc.: Academic<br>
> Press (Perspectives in Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics).<br>
> --<br>
><br>
> Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
> Rudolfstr. 4<br>
> 99092 Erfurt<br>
> Deutschland<br>
> Tel.: +49/361/2113417<br>
> E-Post: <a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de" target="_blank">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a><br>
> Web: <a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a><br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
> Lingtyp mailing list<br>
> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
> <a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
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Message: 6<br>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 19:50:57 +0200<br>
From: Uta Rein?hl <<a href="mailto:uta.reinoehl@linguistik.uni-freiburg.de" target="_blank">uta.reinoehl@linguistik.uni-freiburg.de</a>><br>
To: <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] [EXTERN] Question about functional linguistics<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a href="mailto:f56bf75a-537b-4efc-8ca5-377e0c19b9ed@linguistik.uni-freiburg.de" target="_blank">f56bf75a-537b-4efc-8ca5-377e0c19b9ed@linguistik.uni-freiburg.de</a>><br>
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<br>
Hi Eitan<br>
<br>
That's a lovely topic and I look forward to hearing what others <br>
recommend.?I have found these ones here particularly rewarding to read <br>
with students (and just by myself).<br>
<br>
Intro/overview papers:<br>
<br>
DeLancey, Scott. 2001. On Functionalism. Lecture at LSA Summer <br>
Institute, Santa Barbara, 2001. Online at <br>
<a href="https://pages.uoregon.edu/delancey/sb/LECT01.htm" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://pages.uoregon.edu/delancey/sb/LECT01.htm</a><br>
<br>
Mackenzie, J. Lachlan. 2016. Functional Linguistics. In: Keith Allan <br>
(ed.). Routledge Handbook of Linguistics. London/New York: Routledge, p. <br>
470-484.<br>
<br>
And of course excerpts of<br>
<br>
Paul, Hermann. 1880/1995. Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte. <br>
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Mouton.<br>
<br>
With comments (and translations of some parts in the same volume) here:<br>
<br>
Auer, Peter. 2015. Reflections on Hermann Paul As a Usage-Based <br>
Grammarian. In: Peter Auer, Gesa von Essen, Werner Frick (eds). Hermann <br>
Paul?s Principles of Language History Revisited. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter.<br>
<br>
In addition to Paul, I tend to also include in my courses some papers <br>
/chapters that are functionalist, while not themselves meta papers on <br>
functionalism. A very small selection of some personal favourites are:<br>
<br>
Haiman, John. 1994. Ritualization and the development of language. In: <br>
William Pagliuca (ed.), Perspectives on Grammaticalization. <br>
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 3?28.<br>
<br>
Mithun, Marianne & Wallace Chafe. 1999. What are S, A, and O? Studies in <br>
Language 23(3), p. 569-596.<br>
<br>
Chafe, Wallace. 1994. Discourse, Consciousness and Time. Chicago/London: <br>
The University of Chicago Press.<br>
<br>
Uta<br>
<br>
Am 22.09.2025 um 15:21 schrieb Eitan Grossman via Lingtyp:<br>
> Hi all,<br>
><br>
> This is maybe a?mail for a mailing list that no longer exists, the old <br>
> FunkNet, but I thought I'd give it a try.<br>
><br>
> I am putting together a syllabus for an advanced BA course on <br>
> functional linguistics, and have been re-reading a lot of the articles <br>
> that have been meaningful for me over the years, and it is difficult <br>
> to make a choice.<br>
><br>
> I wanted to ask for the wisdom of the crowd -- what articles (or <br>
> books) in functional linguistics have been meaningful for you? What <br>
> have you read with students? What works do you think every student <br>
> should read?<br>
><br>
> I should say that I have in mind what is usually called West Coast <br>
> Functionalism and usage-based linguistics, but would be happy to hear <br>
> your thoughts on other perspectives.<br>
><br>
> Any replies would be much appreciated, and I would be happy to share <br>
> the resulting reading list/syllabus.<br>
><br>
> Eitan<br>
><br>
><br>
> Eitan Grossman<br>
> Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics<br>
> Department of Linguistics<br>
> Hebrew University of Jerusalem<br>
> Tel: +972 2 588 3809<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
> Lingtyp mailing list<br>
> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
> <a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
<br>
-- <br>
Professorin f?r Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft<br>
Sprachwissenschaftliches Seminar<br>
Albert-Ludwigs-Universit?t Freiburg<br>
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Message: 7<br>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 18:56:04 +0000<br>
From: Matthew Dryer <<a href="mailto:dryer@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">dryer@buffalo.edu</a>><br>
To: Larry M Hyman <<a href="mailto:hyman@berkeley.edu" target="_blank">hyman@berkeley.edu</a>>, Sergey Loesov<br>
<<a href="mailto:sergeloesov@gmail.com" target="_blank">sergeloesov@gmail.com</a>><br>
Cc: "<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>"<br>
<<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] L > N<br>
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In the Wapei branch of the Torricelli family, a change from l to n occurred in the language Au.<br>
<br>
Matthew<br>
<br>
From: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Larry M Hyman via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Date: Sunday, September 21, 2025 at 3:56?PM<br>
To: Sergey Loesov <<a href="mailto:sergeloesov@gmail.com" target="_blank">sergeloesov@gmail.com</a>><br>
Cc: <a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] L > N<br>
Thanks for all of the examples showing l > n. Although the contexts vary, I assume this change is a case of "strengthening", which would naturally associate it with onset position (although also with stem- and word-initial positions). From my experience, prefixes are more likely to undergo l > n. In some Grassfields Bantu and Northwest Bantu languages the noun class 5 prefix *li- is realized ni- (~ n?-), e.g. Yemba (Bamileke-Dschang) l?-, Mbui ni-. I suspect that the greater resistance of *l to [n] at the beginning of lexical morphemes (e.g. noun and verb roots) is because of the more significant contrastiveness of /l/ and /n/ vs. the small number of grammatical morphemes.<br>
<br>
There also is the reverse occurrence of n > l in a "weakening" environment. Thus, in Aghem (Grassfields Bantu), /n/ becomes [l] intervocalically within stems. This not only produces alternations like b??n 'dance' vs. b??l-a 'dance-progressive' (Proto-Bantu *b?n) but also relics of the Proto-Bantu suffix *an 'reciprocal' as -l?. The following is from pp.9-10 of Aghem Grammatical Structure (1979), which I see is available here: <a href="https://gsil.sc-ling.org/pubs/SCOPILS_6_7_8_9/Aghem_grammatical_structure.pdf" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://gsil.sc-ling.org/pubs/SCOPILS_6_7_8_9/Aghem_grammatical_structure.pdf</a><br>
<br>
Best, Larry<br>
<br>
[cid:ii_mfu0smeb0]<br>
<br>
On Sat, Sep 20, 2025 at 5:39?AM Sergey Loesov via Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>> wrote:<br>
Dear colleagues,<br>
Are you aware of a shift l- > n- affecting the onsets of grammatical morphemes, specifically in word-initial position?<br>
<br>
Thank you very much!<br>
<br>
Sergey<br>
<br>
<br>
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--<br>
Larry M. Hyman, Distinguished Professor of the Graduate School<br>
& Director, France-Berkeley Fund, University of California, Berkeley<br>
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End of Lingtyp Digest, Vol 132, Issue 19<br>
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