<div dir="ltr"><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Dear Vladimir,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Thanks for an interesting question.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">In my understanding, the notion of "propositional content" stems from the logical analysis of language. It reflects the attempt to isolate, in an utterance, the reported state-of-affairs from what the speaker says about it.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Thus if I say (1) <i>The supermarket might even be open on Sundays</i>, one can propose to mentally separate:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><ul><li>the propositional content X: <br><the supermarket being open on Sundays></li><li>the modal comment about that content X:<br><X might be true> = <it is possible for X to be true></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Now if we compare (1) with </div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">(2) <i>There is no way the supermarket would be open on Sundays</i>,</div></div></blockquote><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">we may say that both utterances share the exact same <i>propositional content</i> X, but they include a different modal stance about it.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">In the case of (2), the modal comment would be <there's no way that X is true> = <it is necessary for X to be false>.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">________</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">The first author, I believe, to have formalised similar concepts is Thomas Aquinas ~ Tommaso d'Aquino (13th century), in his short <i>De propositionibus modalibus</i> ['On modal propositions'] (which might be apocryphal). I found the original text <a href="https://www.corpusthomisticum.org/dpp.html">here</a> in Latin; a French translation <a href="http://docteurangelique.free.fr/bibliotheque/opuscules/39lespropositionsmodales.htm">here</a>; <a href="https://eprints.illc.uva.nl/id/eprint/2074/1/DS-2009-04.text.pdf#page=173">Uckelman (2009: 157-9)</a> has an English translation. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Aquinas contrasted the <i>dictum</i> ["what is said" ≈propositional content] <br>from the <i>modus</i> [the 'manner', i.e. what is said about the dictum]. His examples included:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="direction:ltr;font-family:verdana,sans-serif">(3) <i>Necesse est Socratem currere. </i>“For Socrates to run is necessarily true.”</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">(4) <i>Possibile est Socratem currere.</i><i> </i>“For Socrates to run is possible.”, </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">etc.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">In a passage which I find incredibly modern, Aquinas notes that polarity can affect sometimes the dictum, sometimes the modus:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">In (5) <i>Possibile est Socratem non currere</i> “It is possible for Socrates not to run”, the negation is internal to the dictum.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">In (6) <i>Non possibile est Socratem currere</i> “It is not possible for Socrates to run”, the negation is a property of the modus.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">(Orig. quote: <i>Item sciendum est quod propositio modalis dicitur affirmativa vel negativa secundum affirmationem vel negationem modi, et non dicti.</i> which could be rendered: "Importantly, the modality will be said affirmative vs. negative depending on the polarity of the modus, not of the dictum.")</div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">________</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Aquinas' proposals have played a major role in formal logic; <br>they were also introduced to linguistics by French linguist Charles Bally in 1932 (cf. <a href="https://hal.science/hal-02310043v1/">Gosselin 2015</a>).</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">The word <i>modus</i> is the source of our later concepts of <i>mood</i> and <i>modality</i>.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">________</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">I just found an interesting paper by Per Martin-Löf “Are the objects of propositional attitudes propositions in the sense of propositional and predicate logic?” (<a href="https://pml.flu.cas.cz/uploads/PML-Geneva19Dec03.pdf">2003</a>) In this table, he compares Bally's contrast <i>modus</i> vs. <i>dictum</i> [actually from Aquinas] with proposals by other logicians and linguists:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="text-align:center;font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><img src="cid:ii_mh668cr64" alt="image.png" width="443" height="273" style="margin-right: 0px;"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="text-align:center;font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Löf here proposes that the term “propositional content” was mostly used by John Searle. I guess this refers to Searle's 1969 <i>Speech acts</i>, though Löf does not elaborate.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Admittedly, "illocutionary force" is different from "modus", but there is indeed a filiation across these different notional couples.</div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Other people on this list will be able to point to specific passages in Searle's works.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">_______</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Finally, another attempt to adapt similar ideas to linguistics was Simon Dik's Functional grammar:</div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif">Dik, Simon. (1989). <i style="">The Theory of Functional Grammar. Part I: The Structure of the Clause</i> (Vol. 9). Foris.</font></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">At first glance, Dik's equivalent to the <i>dictum</i> is what he calls the "state of affairs" (SoA), which he defines p.51:</div><div style="text-align:center"><img src="cid:ii_mh64m7ih1" alt="image.png" width="472" height="394"></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">That said, Dik is worth reading because, rather than a mere binary contrast (such as <i>dictum</i> vs. <i>modus</i>) he proposes to distinguish different logical / semantic levels of the utterance, organised in a fine-grained hierarchy (see his p.50):</div><div class="gmail_default" style="text-align:center;font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><img src="cid:ii_mh64o6r52" alt="image.png" width="366" height="408" style="margin-right: 0px;"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif">Dik carefully distinguishes between SoA, possible fact, predication, proposition, clause... </font></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif">Different operators </font><font face="monospace">π</font><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> (e.g. Tense, Aspect, Modality, Polarity, Truth value, Illocutionary act...), and also what he calls "satellites" </font><font face="monospace">σ</font><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> (syntactic adjuncts etc), attach to different layers among these. </font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Interestingly, Dik describes one of his layers as “propositional content”, which he equates with “possible fact” (p.52):</div><div style="text-align:center"><img src="cid:ii_mh658asm7" alt="image.png" width="458" height="284" style="margin-right: 0px;"></div><div style="text-align:center;font-family:verdana,sans-serif" class="gmail_default"><br></div><div style="text-align:center"><div class="gmail_default" style="text-align:right;font-family:verdana,sans-serif">See also pp.294 ff. <span style="text-align:center"></span></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Dik's concept of prop. content is more specific than the same term used by Searle or the <i>dictum</i> of other authors;</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">In his terms, propositional content is of a "higher-order structure" than the core state-of-affairs.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">________</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">In my publications describing the Oceanic languages of northern Vanuatu, I have found such analytical tools (under the same or similar names) quite useful, particularly when describing tense, aspect, modality or illocutionary force in different languages -- whether TAMP in Mwotlap (<a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm#hide3:~:text=La%20S%C3%A9mantique%20du%20Pr%C3%A9dicat%20en%20Mwotlap">2003</a>, <a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/AFpub_articles_e.htm#fcc">f/c c</a>), the Aorist in NV languages (<a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/AFpub_articles_e.htm#2009a">2009a</a>), the Subjunctive in Hiw & Lo-Toga (<a href="https://marama.huma-num.fr/AFpub_articles_e.htm#2010b">2010b</a>), etc.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">________</div><br class="gmail-Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">I hope this is useful.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">best</div></div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><font size="2" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Alex</font><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:13.33px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><font size="2"><span style="color:rgb(69,129,142)">Alex François</span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></span></font></p><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="text-decoration:none" href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.cnrs.fr/en" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CNRS</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"> </font></span><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.cnrs.fr/en" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1">—</font></span></a><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"> </font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ENS</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none">–</span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://www.psl.eu/en" rel="noopener" target="_blank">PSL</a></span></font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"> — </font></span><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.sorbonne-nouvelle.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a></span></font></span><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.sorbonne-nouvelle.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span></a><font size="1"><a title="ENS" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://www.sorbonne-nouvelle.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a><br></font><div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="https://researchportalplus.anu.edu.au/en/persons/alex-francois" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Australian National University</a></span></font></span></div><div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"><a style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a><br></span></font></span></div><div><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___________________</font><font size="1">___</font><br><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><font size="1"><span style="text-decoration:none"></span></font></span></div></div></div></div><br><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>From: <strong class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">Vladimir Panov via Lingtyp</strong> <span dir="auto"><<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>></span><br>Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2025 at 03:00<br>Subject: [Lingtyp] What is propositional content?<br>To: <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br></div><br><br><div dir="ltr">Dear typologists,<div><br></div><div>In various traditions of linguistics, both "formal" and "functional", there is a habit to speak of "propositional content". I have a feeling that this term is very difficult to define, especially if one takes cross-linguistic variation seriously. In practice, many linguistis tend to use the term as if the reader knew exactly what it means. Needles to say, the term has a long and complex history.</div><div><br></div><div>Are you aware of any relatively up-to-date and possibly typllogy-friendly literature which discusses this problem?</div><div><br></div><div>Thank you,</div><div>Vladimir</div></div>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</div></div>